Browse full definitions for every UN term in the Amicus glossary.
/ˌjunɪˈtɛd ˈnæʃənz ˈtʃɑːrtər/
The UN Charter obligates member states to settle disputes peacefully.
The UN Charter is a foundational multilateral treaty and a key source of international law; references should use the official formal title.
/ˌjunɪfɪd nəˈmeɪʃənz ˈkɒnvɛnʃən ɒn ˈkɒntrækts fɔr ði ˌɪntərˈnæʃənəl seɪl ʌv ɡʊdz/
The buyer relied on the UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods to resolve the dispute over the delivery terms.
Often abbreviated as CISG, this convention harmonizes substantive contract law for international transactions, reducing legal barriers and uncertainty in cross-border sales.
/ˌjuːˌɛn ˈsæŋkʃənz/
The UN sanctions were imposed to pressure the country to cease nuclear testing.
UN sanctions are binding measures adopted by the UN Security Council and differ from unilateral sanctions imposed by individual states.
/ˌjuː en ˈtruːstʃɪp ˈkaʊnsəl/
The UN Trusteeship Council played a key role in overseeing the transition of trust territories after World War II.
The UN Trusteeship Council's functions have largely diminished since the last trust territory achieved self-governance, but it remains a recognized UN organ in international law.
/ˌʌnæmˈbɪɡ.ju.əs/
The contract's terms were unambiguous, ensuring all parties understood their obligations precisely.
Using unambiguous language in legal drafting minimizes interpretive disputes by ensuring terms convey a single clear meaning.
/ˌʌn.æmˈbɪɡ.ju.əs prəˈvɪʒ.ən/
The contract contained an unambiguous provision that the tenant must pay rent by the first of each month.
Unambiguous provisions are crucial to avoid litigation over interpretation; drafters should aim for clarity and precision to ensure enforceability.
/ˌjunəˈnɪmɪti/
The jury reached unanimity in their verdict after deliberating for several hours.
Unanimity is critical in contexts like jury decisions and certain contractual consents to ensure binding and uncontested outcomes.
/ˌjuːnəˈnɪməs kənˈsɛnt/
The committee passed the resolution by unanimous consent to save time.
Unanimous consent is a procedural device mainly in legislative or deliberative bodies allowing decisions without formal vote when there is no objection.
/ˌjuːnəˈnɪməs ˈvɜːrdɪkt/
The jury returned a unanimous verdict after several hours of deliberation.
Typically required in criminal trials, a unanimous verdict ensures complete agreement among jurors, reflecting collective certainty on the facts and verdict.
/ˌjuːnəˈnɪməs voʊt/
The board reached a unanimous vote to approve the merger.
A unanimous vote indicates total agreement, often required for certain decisions to ensure full consensus; drafters should specify if unanimity is mandatory or advisory.
/ˌʌnəˈpruːvd drʌɡ/
The company was fined for distributing an unapproved drug without FDA authorization.
The term emphasizes regulatory status; ensure clarity whether referring to marketing status or investigational use in legal drafting.
/ˌʌnˈɑːrmd/
The unarmed suspect was searched by the police without incident.
Using force against an unarmed individual can lead to heightened legal scrutiny.
In legal contexts, 'unarmed' often influences the evaluation of proportionality in use-of-force cases and the determination of justified conduct.
/ˌʌn.əˈseɪ.lə.bəl/
The court held that the evidence was unassailable and conclusively proved the defendant's guilt.
Often used to describe evidence or legal positions that cannot be effectively challenged or overturned.
/ˌʌnˈɔːθəraɪzd/
The unauthorised disclosure of confidential information breached the contract.
The court ruled that the unauthorised sale of company assets was illegal.
Often used interchangeably with 'unauthorized' in jurisdictions using British English spelling; implies lack of legal sanction or consent, important in contract, property, and criminal law contexts.
/ˌʌn.əˈθɔːr.aɪzd/
The unauthorized disclosure of confidential information led to a breach of contract.
The court ruled the unauthorized use of copyrighted material as infringement.
In legal drafting, clarify the scope of 'unauthorized' acts by specifying the source of authority absent or exceeded, to avoid ambiguity.
/ˌʌnˈɔːθəraɪzd ˈæksɛs/
The company reported a case of unauthorized access to its confidential client database.
In legal drafting, clearly distinguishing unauthorized access from authorized use is critical to define the scope of computer crime offenses.
/ˌʌnˈɔːθəˌraɪzd kəˌmɪtmənt/
The contractor sought compensation despite the unauthorized commitment made by the agency official.
Unauthorized commitments frequently require ratification to become enforceable; careful scrutiny of authority is critical to prevent invalid contracts.
/ˌʌnˈɔːθəraɪzd dɪsˈkloʊʒər/
The employee was terminated for unauthorized disclosure of trade secrets.
Unauthorized disclosure typically involves sensitive information protected under law or agreement; drafting should specify the scope and nature of authorization to clarify liability.
/ˌʌnˈɔːθəraɪzd dɪstrɪˈbjuːʃən/
The company sued the individual for unauthorized distribution of its proprietary software.
Use this term to denote distribution acts lacking consent; specify the protected material for clarity in legal documents.
/ˌʌnˈɔːθəˌraɪzd ˈɛntri/
The defendant was charged with unauthorized entry after he entered the premises without consent.
In drafting, clarify whether unauthorized entry pertains to criminal law or civil trespass, as definitions and remedies may differ.
/ˌʌnˈɔːθəˌraɪzd ɪkˈspɛn.dɪ.tʃər/
The auditor flagged the unauthorized expenditure as a violation of municipal finance regulations.
Use this term to denote expenses lacking lawful or proper authorization, particularly in governmental or organizational financial contexts.
/ˌʌnˈɔːθəˌraɪzd ˌɪmɪˈɡreɪʃən/
The government intensified border patrols to reduce unauthorized immigration.
This term is often used in legal and policy contexts to distinguish between lawful and unlawful entry or stay; definitions may vary by jurisdiction.
/ˌʌn.əˈθɔr.ɪˌzaɪzd ˈpræk.tɪs əv lɔ/
He was prosecuted for the unauthorized practice of law after offering legal advice without a license.
Unauthorized practice of law statutes vary by jurisdiction but commonly forbid non-lawyers from representing clients in court.
This term primarily functions as a legal concept describing unlicensed legal work; it is important to distinguish it from authorized legal practice to avoid unauthorized liability.
/ˌʌnˈɔːθəˌraɪzd ˈspɛndɪŋ/
The audit revealed unauthorized spending of government resources on personal items.
Unauthorized spending by the agency led to internal investigations and possible sanctions.
In legal drafting, clarity in defining the scope of authorized spending is essential to prevent ambiguity that could permit unauthorized spending.
/ˌʌnˈɔːθəˌraɪzd trænˈzækʃən/
The bank reversed the charges after detecting an unauthorized transaction on her credit card.
He was liable for unauthorized transactions made from the corporate account without board approval.
In drafting, specify the scope of 'unauthorized' to include consent thresholds and institutional policies, and clarify whether it covers both fraudulent and simply unapproved acts.
/ˌʌnˈɔːθəˌraɪzd juːs/
The company sued the contractor for unauthorized use of its copyrighted software.
He was charged with unauthorized use of a motor vehicle after taking the car without permission.
Often appears in contexts involving intellectual property, data, and physical assets; precise legal implications vary by jurisdiction and context.
/ˌʌnˈɔːθəraɪzd juːs ʌv ˈkrɛdɪt kɑrdz/
The defendant was charged with unauthorized use of credit cards after several fraudulent purchases were traced to him.
Often prosecuted under statutes specifically addressing credit card fraud; careful definition of authorization is critical in legal drafting.
/ʌn·bɪˈkʌm·ɪŋ/
The judge reprimanded the lawyer for his unbecoming remarks in court.
Used to describe behavior or appearance that falls short of accepted legal or professional norms, often in disciplinary contexts.
/ʌnˈbɪlɪvəbəl/
The witness's account was deemed unbelievable by the jury due to inconsistencies.
In legal usage, 'unbelievable' typically pertains to the assessment of the credibility or plausibility of evidence or testimony, influencing its weight and acceptance.
/ˌʌnbɪˈliːvəbl kleɪm/
The court dismissed the plaintiff's unbelievable claim due to insufficient supporting evidence.
The term is often used informally in legal discussions to describe claims lacking factual basis, but it is not a formal legal category; careful distinction from legally recognized baseless claims is advised.
/ˌʌnˈbaɪəs/
The judge took steps to unbias the jury to maintain a fair trial.
Often used in legal contexts to describe measures ensuring objectivity, especially in judicial or procedural settings.
/ˌʌnˈbaɪəstli/
The judge must decide the case unbiasedly to ensure justice.
Used to emphasize the quality of objectivity or fairness in legal decision-making or analysis.
/ʌnˈsɜːrtnti/
The uncertainty surrounding the contract’s enforceability delayed the transaction.
Legal uncertainty often compels parties to settle disputes outside of court.
Legal drafts should specify areas of uncertainty to reduce litigation risk and clarify parties' expectations.
/ˈjunɪkɪtrl ˌɑːrbɪˈtreɪʃən ruːlz/
The parties agreed to resolve their contract dispute under the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules.
The UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules are widely used to provide a neutral procedural framework when parties do not select an institutional arbitration body.
/ˈʌnklɒs/
The dispute over maritime boundaries was resolved according to provisions of UNCLOS.
UNCLOS is commonly cited by its acronym in legal texts; when drafting, define acronym on first use for clarity.
/ˌʌnkəˈlɛktəbl əˈkaʊnt/
The auditor classified the overdue invoice as an uncollectible account.
Used primarily in accounting and legal contexts concerning debt recovery; precise classification affects financial reporting and legal remedies.
/ʌnˈkɒndɪʃənəl/
The buyer made an unconditional offer to purchase the property.
The court granted unconditional bail to the defendant.
In drafting, use "unconditional" to clearly distinguish obligations or rights that are absolute and not contingent on any event or further approval.
/ˌʌnkənˈdɪʃənəl ɡrænt/
The donor executed an unconditional grant of the property to the beneficiary.
An unconditional grant differs from conditional grants by lacking requirements to fulfill, ensuring clear and immediate transfer of rights.
/ʌnˈkʌndɪʃənəl ˈɒfər/
The party made an unconditional offer to purchase the property, which the seller accepted immediately.
An unconditional offer lacks any contingencies, making it immediately binding once accepted; drafters should ensure clarity to avoid ambiguity regarding conditions.
/ˌʌnkənˈskoʊnsiˌnæbɪləti/
The court refused to enforce the clause due to unconscionability.
Unconscionability is often assessed in light of procedural and substantive fairness; drafters should ensure clear terms and reasonable bargains to avoid this defense.
/ˌʌnkənˈsɪə.nə.bəl/
The court ruled the contract clause unconscionable and refused to enforce it.
The lender's unconscionable interest rates were struck down by the judge.
Often divided into procedural and substantive unconscionability in contract law to assess fairness; drafters should avoid overly one-sided terms to prevent unenforceability.
/ˌʌnkənˈskoʊʃənəbəl ˈkɑntrækt/
The court declared the agreement an unconscionable contract due to its extremely unfair terms.
Unconscionable contracts typically require proof of procedural and substantive unconscionability; drafters should avoid overly oppressive terms to ensure enforceability.
/ˌʌnˈkɒnʃəs/
The victim was found unconscious at the scene of the accident.
The party acted in an unconscious manner that led to the breach of contract.
In legal contexts, 'unconscious' often pertains to physical state impacting capacity or to actions lacking conscious intent, important in criminal and contract law assessments.
/ˌʌnkənˈʃəs ˈbaɪəs/
The court recognized that unconscious bias could affect jury impartiality.
In legal contexts, proving unconscious bias is challenging due to its implicit nature; thus, legal arguments often rely on patterns or outcomes rather than direct evidence.
/ʌnˈkɒnʃəsli/
The defendant acted unconsciously, negating the element of intent required for criminal liability.
Used primarily to distinguish actions done without deliberate intent or awareness, affecting assessments of culpability or responsibility.
/ˌʌnkənˈʃəsnəs/
The defendant's actions during his brief period of unconsciousness were central to the case.
Unconsciousness is critical in assessing a person's legal capacity to act or form intent; clarity in defining its onset and duration is important in legal documents.
/ˌʌnkɒnstɪˈtjuːʃənəl/
The court declared the law unconstitutional and struck it down.
Used primarily to describe actions, laws, or statutes that conflict with constitutional norms; often grounds for judicial invalidation.
/ˌʌnkənˈstɪtʃənəl ækt/
The court declared the law an unconstitutional act and struck it down.
The term highlights the supremacy of constitutional norms over ordinary laws or acts; courts typically use judicial review to identify such acts.
/ˌʌnkənstɪˌtjuːʃəˈnælɪti/
The court ruled the law's unconstitutionality due to its infringement on free speech rights.
Often pivotal in constitutional challenges, unconstitutionality denotes a legal flaw that can nullify statutes or government actions; drafters should clearly specify constitutional grounds when asserting unconstitutionality.
/ˌʌnkənˈtroʊld ˈɛərˌspeɪs/
Pilots must maintain vigilance when flying in uncontrolled airspace due to the absence of air traffic control guidance.
Uncontrolled airspace is defined primarily by operational control and regulatory implications, emphasizing pilot responsibility; legal texts often contrast it with controlled airspace to address liability and safety obligations.
/ˌʌnkənˈvɛnʃənl ˈwɔːrˌfɛər/
The military studied unconventional warfare tactics to counter insurgencies.
Unconventional warfare is distinct from conventional warfare and often falls under irregular combat in legal contexts, impacting the application of international humanitarian law.
/ˌʌnˈkʌvər/
The investigation helped uncover crucial evidence in the case.
The court ordered the parties to uncover all relevant financial records.
In legal drafting, 'uncover' often refers to revealing evidence or facts and is commonly associated with discovery processes in litigation.
/ˌʌndɪˈklɛərd wɜːrk/
The government launched a campaign to reduce undeclared work in the construction sector.
The term typically appears in discussions of labor law and tax enforcement; precise definitions may vary by jurisdiction, often focusing on non-compliance with formal reporting obligations.
/ˈʌndər/
The contract was signed under the authority of the board.
The company acted under the provisions of the new statute.
The witness testified under oath.
Commonly used in legal drafting to denote subjection or subordination to rules, authority, or hierarchical position.
/ˌʌndərˈkʌvər ˈeɪdʒənt/
The undercover agent infiltrated the criminal organization to collect evidence for prosecution.
The term emphasizes the covert nature of the agent's role; clarity in contracts and legal documents regarding authorization and scope of activities is important to avoid legal challenges.
/ˌʌndərˈkʌvər ˌɑpəˈreɪʃən/
The police launched an undercover operation to infiltrate the drug trafficking ring.
Undercover operations require careful legal authorization to ensure admissibility of evidence and protection of agents.
/ˌʌndərˈkʌvər wɜrk/
The agent engaged in undercover work to infiltrate the criminal organization.
Undercover work requires careful balancing of legal and ethical considerations, including evidence admissibility and operatives' safety.
/ˌʌndərˈɡrædʒɪwət/
The undergraduate must complete all required courses to graduate.
In legal contexts, 'undergraduate' status can affect contract terms related to tuition, financial aid eligibility, or insurance coverage.
/ˌʌndərˈɡrædʒuət dɪˈɡriː/
She obtained her undergraduate degree before applying to law school.
In legal contexts, the undergraduate degree may establish prerequisites for professional licensure or eligibility to pursue advanced legal education.
/ˌʌndərˈɡraʊnd ɪˈkɑnəmi/
The government increased efforts to reduce the underground economy to improve tax compliance.
Workers paid off the books contribute to the underground economy.
The term encompasses both illegal and unreported legal economic activities; careful distinction helps in statutory drafting and economic regulation contexts.
/ˈʌndərˌgraʊnd ˈmuvmənt/
The underground movement coordinated secret protests against the authoritarian regime.
Typically used to describe politically motivated groups engaging in secret or illegal activities to challenge established authorities; drafting should clarify context to avoid ambiguity with literal subterranean meanings.
/ˈʌndərˌɡraʊnd səˈsaɪəti/
The underground society organized protests against the authoritarian regime.
The term 'underground society' often implies illegality or secrecy; its use in legal contexts typically concerns regulation, prosecution, or intelligence on such groups.
/ˌʌndərˈleɪd/
The contractor underlaid the flooring with insulation before installing the hardwood panels.
Use 'underlaid' strictly as the past form of 'underlay'; substantive definitions and usage notes reside under 'underlay.'
/ˌʌndərˈleɪn/
The contract was underlain by a series of preliminary agreements.
Used as the past participle of 'underlie,' it often appears in legal contexts to describe foundational principles or facts supporting a claim or agreement.
/ˈʌndərleɪ/
The contract specified the types of underlay required beneath the flooring.
The builder agreed to underlay the carpet with soundproof padding as per the lease agreement.
In legal drafting, specifying 'underlay' in contracts helps clarify responsibilities for material standards and installation methods, minimizing disputes related to quality and compliance.
/ˌʌndərˈlaɪ/
The court's ruling underlies the interpretation of contract law in this jurisdiction.
Used primarily to indicate foundational legal concepts that support subsequent rules or decisions.
/ˈʌndərˌlaɪn/
The attorney underlined the crucial clause in the contract to stress its significance.
In legal drafting, underlining is a common editorial tool to direct attention to specific terms or provisions without altering the text's substance.
/ˈʌndərlaɪ/
The evidence underlies the plaintiff's motion for summary judgment.
Often used in legal writing to indicate the foundational facts or principles supporting a claim or argument.
/ˈʌndərˌlaɪ/
The terms underlye the contract were specified in the preamble.
The statutes underlye the regulations enacted by the agency.
The form "underlye" is an archaic or variant spelling of "underlie" often appearing in older legal documents; modern usage favors "underlie." Definitions focus on its role as a verb indicating foundational status in legal contexts.
/ˌʌndərˈlaɪɪŋ ˈæsɛt/
The value of the option depends on the price of the underlying asset.
The lender holds a security interest in the underlying asset until the debt is paid.
Commonly used in finance and secured transactions, clarity about the specific asset underlying a contract or security interest is crucial to avoid ambiguity.
/ˌʌn.dərˈskɔːr/
The attorney underscored the importance of the evidentiary rules during his closing argument.
Commonly used in legal advocacy to highlight key points; ensure clarity to avoid ambiguity between the literal typography meaning and figurative emphasis.
/ˌʌndərˈstænd/
The parties must understand the implications of the contract before signing.
The defendant is deemed to understand the charges against them.
In legal drafting, 'understand' often implies both intellectual grasp and acceptance, which can affect obligations and liabilities.
/ˌʌndərˈstænd/
The parties understoode the terms of the contract fully before signing.
"Understande" is an archaic past tense form of "understand" often found in older legal documents; modern usage prefers "understood."
/ˌʌndərˈstʊd/
The terms of the agreement were understood by both parties though not written down.
The defendant understood the consequences of signing the contract.
Use 'understood' to capture unspoken but recognized legal obligations or meanings, often contrasted with explicit terms.
/ˌʌndərˈteɪk/
The contractor undertook the responsibility to complete the building by December.
She undertook to pay the damages awarded by the court.
In legal drafting, 'undertake' often implies a binding promise; specifying the scope and terms of the undertaking clearly is critical to avoid ambiguity.
/ˌʌndərˈteɪkən/
The contractor has undertaken the renovation of the building.
Used primarily as the past participle of 'undertake,' often indicating a legal or contractual commitment.
/ʌndərˈtʊk/
The defendant undertook to pay damages as agreed in the settlement.
As the simple past form of 'undertake,' this term itself has no distinct legal meanings beyond those of the base verb.
The firm underwrit the insurance policy for the new building.
"Underwrit" is an archaic or variant past tense form of "underwrite"; modern usage prefers "underwrote."
/ˌʌndərˈraɪt/
The company agreed to underwrite the public offering of bonds.
The bank will underwrite the loan to secure the funds.
In legal drafting, clarify the scope of underwriting to specify the nature of financial risk or guarantee assumed.
/ˈʌndərˌraɪtər/
The underwriter evaluated the insurance application before approving coverage.
The underwriter guaranteed the stock offering by purchasing the shares from the company.
In legal contexts, 'underwriter' primarily denotes a party assuming risk or guaranteeing securities issuance; clarity about the field (insurance vs securities) is important when drafting contracts or legal analysis.
/ˈʌndərˌraɪtɪŋ əˈgriːmənt/
The underwriting agreement outlined the responsibilities of the investment bank in distributing the new shares.
Typically used in securities law, this agreement is crucial for defining the scope of the underwriter's commitment and risk allocation in a securities issuance.
/ˈʌndərˌraɪtɪŋ ˈpɪriəd/
The underwriting period lasted four weeks, during which the underwriters assessed all the applications.
Typically used in securities law and insurance law contexts to denote the interval of risk assessment and acceptance; clarity about start and end dates is critical in drafting to avoid disputes.
/ˈʌndərˌraɪtɪŋ ˈsɪndɪkət/
The underwriting syndicate agreed to buy the entire issuance of the corporation's new shares.
The underwriting syndicate collectively underwrote the high-value maritime insurance policy.
In legal contexts, distinguishing underwriting syndicates by their function in securities versus insurance is important; precise drafting should reflect the industry context.
/ˌʌndərˈrɪtn/
The underwritten insurance policy ensured compensation in case of loss.
The bank underwritten the new bond issuance last month.
'Underwritten' commonly serves as the past participle adjective or verb form linked to financial guarantees and risk assumption; clarity depends on context.
/ˌʌndərˈroʊt/
The insurer underwrote the policy covering the new building.
As a past tense form, 'underwrote' directs to 'underwrite' for the substantive meaning.
/ʌnˈdɪskloʊzd ˈprɪnsəpəl/
The court held that the undisclosed principal was liable for the contract entered into by the agent.
When drafting, clearly distinguish the roles and liabilities of the undisclosed principal versus the agent, as third parties are unaware of the principal’s involvement.
/ˌʌndɒk.jʊˈmɛn.tɪd ˈeɪ.li.ən/
The government enforces laws restricting the rights of undocumented aliens.
The term is often controversial and used interchangeably with 'illegal alien' in legal contexts; however, 'undocumented alien' emphasizes lack of authorization rather than criminality.
/ˌʌndɒkjʊˈmɛntɪd ˌɪmɪˈɡreɪʃən/
The government implemented new policies to address issues related to undocumented immigration.
Undocumented immigration complicates eligibility for certain social services and employment rights.
The term broadly covers both the unlawful entry and presence without authorization; legal contexts often distinguish between these nuances for enforcement and policy purposes.
/ˌʌnˈduː/
The contract was voided due to undue influence exerted on the buyer.
The court found the delay to be undue and dismissed the claim.
Use 'undue' to highlight improper or excessive conditions affecting legal validity, often in contexts like influence, burden, or delay.
/ˌʌnˈduː ˈbɜːrdən/
The court ruled that the regulation imposed an undue burden on the plaintiff's right to free speech.
The statute was struck down because it imposed an undue burden on the burden of proof.
The undue burden standard is notably applied in constitutional law, particularly in cases involving abortion rights and free speech; it serves as a middle ground between strict scrutiny and rational basis review.
/ˌʌnˈduː ˈhɑːrdʃɪp/
The employer demonstrated that providing the requested accommodation would cause undue hardship due to significant operational costs.
The debtor argued undue hardship to qualify for discharge of student loans.
Undue hardship often requires factual and economic analysis; drafters should specify criteria or standards to avoid ambiguity.
/ˌʌnˈduː ˈɪnfluəns/
The contract was rescinded due to the plaintiff proving undue influence by the defendant.
Undue influence often arises in fiduciary or confidential relationships; proving it may require showing the influencer's dominance and the victim's vulnerability.
/ˌʌnˈɜrnɪd ˈprɛmɪəm/
The insurer returned the unearned premium after the policyholder canceled the coverage early.
Unearned premium is calculated pro rata and reflects insurer's obligation to return prepaid but unused coverage; precise calculation is important in policy cancellation and reserve accounting.
/ˌʌnˈɜːrnɪd ˈprɛmɪəm rɪˈzɜːrv/
The insurance company reported a high unearned premium reserve to reflect coverage not yet provided.
The unearned premium reserve ensures insurers do not recognize income prematurely; proper calculation is crucial for accurate financial reporting in insurance law.
/ˌʌnˈɜrnɪd ˈrɛvəˌnu/
The company recorded the advance payment as unearned revenue until the services were delivered.
Unearned revenue represents a liability on the balance sheet reflecting the obligation to deliver goods or services in the future.
/ˌʌnɪmˈplɔɪd ˈpɜrsən/
The law provides unemployment benefits to an unemployed person who meets specific eligibility criteria.
The term is often defined by eligibility criteria in social security and labor statutes and may affect rights to unemployment benefits and job placement programs.
/ˌʌnɪmˈplɔɪmənt/
The government introduced new benefits to support individuals facing unemployment.
The unemployment rate rose sharply during the economic downturn.
In legal drafting, unemployment is often linked to eligibility for benefits and protections; definitions should consider both the factual status and its regulatory implications.
/ˌʌnɪmˈplɔɪmənt ˈbɛnɪfɪt/
She applied for unemployment benefit after losing her job through no fault of her own.
Unemployment benefits are typically time-limited and conditioned on the recipient actively seeking work; precise eligibility and duration vary by jurisdiction.
/ˌʌnɪmˈplɔɪmənt ˌkɒmpənˈseɪʃən/
She applied for unemployment compensation after losing her job due to company downsizing.
Unemployment compensation helps support displaced workers while they seek new employment.
Often legislated at the state or national level, unemployment compensation schemes vary in qualification criteria and benefit duration; precise drafting should clarify eligibility conditions and benefit calculations.
/ˌʌnɪmˈplɔɪmənt ɪnˈʃʊərəns/
After losing his job, he applied for unemployment insurance to receive temporary financial support.
Employers contribute to unemployment insurance funds to support workers during layoffs.
Unemployment insurance is often codified in labor and social welfare law and varies by jurisdiction; precise eligibility and benefit calculations are key drafting considerations.
/ˌʌnɪmˈplɔɪmənt ˈɒfɪs/
He registered at the unemployment office after losing his job.
The term typically refers to a government-run entity facilitating unemployment compensation and job placement services.
/ˌʌnɪmˈplɔɪmənt tæks/
Employers must remit unemployment tax quarterly to state labor departments.
Unemployment tax rates and taxable wage bases vary by jurisdiction; precise definition in statute is essential for correct application.
/ˌʌnɪnˌfɔːrsəˈbɪləti/
The unenforceability of the contract stemmed from its illegal terms.
Unenforceability indicates a legal defect that prevents judicial enforcement without necessarily voiding the contract itself; drafting should clarify conditions triggering enforceability or its lack.
/ˌʌnɪnˈfɔːrsəbl/
The contract was deemed unenforceable due to lack of consideration.
An unenforceable clause cannot be upheld in court.
Use 'unenforceable' to describe agreements or clauses lacking legal force; distinguish from 'void' which denotes no legal effect from inception.
/ˌʌnɪnˈfɔːrsəbl əˈɡriːmənt/
The court ruled the contract an unenforceable agreement because it lacked the required written form.
Unenforceable agreements differ from void or voidable agreements as they are valid but lack judicial enforcement; drafters should ensure formalities and legal bases to avoid unenforceability.
/ˌʌnɪnˈfɔːrsəbl̩ ˈkɒntrækt/
The agreement was deemed an unenforceable contract because it lacked the required legal formalities.
An unenforceable contract differs from a void or voidable contract mainly because it is valid in substance but blocked from enforcement by a legal rule; contracts requiring written form under the statute of frauds often fall into this category.
/ˌʌnɪnˈfɔːrsəbəl ˈprɒmɪs/
The agreement was deemed an unenforceable promise because it lacked consideration.
An unenforceable promise often arises where a contract lacks a necessary element such as consideration, or violates a statutory requirement, highlighting the importance of enforceability in contract law.
/ˌʌnˈikwəl ˈbɑːrɡənɪŋ ˈpaʊər/
Courts often scrutinize contracts formed under conditions of unequal bargaining power to prevent exploitation.
Unequal bargaining power often underpins claims of unconscionability, highlighting the importance of context in contract enforceability.
/ˌʌnɪˈkwɪvəkl/
The contract contained unequivocal terms regarding the parties' obligations.
Used to emphasize clarity and lack of uncertainty, crucial for enforceability and interpretation in legal documents.
/ʌnɪˈkwɪvəkli/
The contract unequivocally states the obligations of both parties.
Used to emphasize absolute clarity in legal writing, avoiding any possible misinterpretation.
/ʌnˈɛθɪkəl/
The lawyer was disbarred for unethical behavior during the trial.
Use to describe conduct violating ethical codes, often foundational in professional legal practice and disciplinary proceedings.
/ʌnˈɛθɪkəl bɪˈheɪvjər/
The lawyer was disciplined for unethical behavior in handling client funds.
Unethical behavior in corporate governance can lead to severe regulatory sanctions.
Unethical behavior is a broad term often specified in codes of conduct; drafting should clarify the particular ethical rules implicated and the applicable legal framework.
/ʌnˈɛθɪkəl ˈkɒndʌkt/
The lawyer was reprimanded for unethical conduct during the trial.
The company's unethical conduct resulted in a costly regulatory investigation.
The term typically denotes breaches of legal or professional ethical standards and is often used in disciplinary or regulatory contexts.
/ˌʌnɪkˈskjuːzd/
The employee received a warning for multiple unexcused absences from work.
In legal contexts, 'unexcused' typically qualifies absences or failures to comply that lack recognized justification, which can trigger penalties or adverse inferences.
/ˌʌnɪkˈskjuːzd ˈæbsəns/
The employee was disciplined for an unexcused absence from work without notifying management.
In legal contexts, unexcused absence often triggers disciplinary or legal consequences; its precise definition depends on institutional or statutory rules defining what constitutes a valid excuse.
/ʌnˈfɛər/
The court found the contract clause to be unfair and unenforceable.
The union filed a claim against the company for unfair labor practices.
‘Unfair’ is frequently used in statutory and case law to denote actions or conditions lacking fairness or equity, often triggering remedial measures. Usage typically requires a contextual legal standard rather than a purely moral judgment.
/ˌʌnˈfɛər kəmˈpɛtɪʃən/
The company was sued for unfair competition after copying its rival's product design.
The plaintiff filed an unfair competition suit to protect its brand identity from imitation.
Unfair competition is a broad legal concept often overlapping with intellectual property and consumer protection laws; precise allegations depend on jurisdiction and specific wrongful acts.
/ˌʌnˈfɛər kənˈtrækt tɜrmz/
The court ruled the unfair contract terms unenforceable because they deprived the consumer of basic rights.
Unfair contract terms are frequently regulated by statutes or common law doctrines to protect weaker parties; drafters should clearly identify and justify such terms to avoid invalidation.
/ˌʌnˈfɛər dɛt kəˈlɛkʃən ˈpræktɪsɪz/
The company was fined for engaging in unfair debt collection practices by harassing consumers.
Term is commonly used in statutory and regulatory contexts to describe prohibited conduct by debt collectors under consumer protection laws.
/ˌʌnˈfɛər dɪsˈmɪsl/
The worker filed a claim for unfair dismissal after being let go without proper cause.
Unfair dismissal specifically addresses unlawful termination under employment statutes; it is distinct from wrongful dismissal, which may concern breach of contract rather than statutory protections.
/ˌʌnˈfɛər ˈleɪbər ˈpræk.tɪs/
The company was charged with an unfair labor practice for refusing to negotiate in good faith with the union.
Commonly prosecuted by the National Labor Relations Board; precise definitions vary by jurisdiction but generally involve employer or union misconduct undermining fair labor relations.
/ˌʌnˈfɛər ˈleɪbər ˈpræktɪs straɪk/
The union declared an unfair labor practice strike after the company unlawfully interfered with union activities.
An unfair labor practice strike is distinct from economic strikes as it is legally protected, arising specifically from employer violations of labor laws.
/ˌʌnˈfɛər treɪd ˈpræktɪs/
The company was fined for engaging in unfair trade practices such as false advertising.
Often defined by statute, the scope of unfair trade practices varies; drafters should specify prohibited acts clearly to ensure enforceability.
/ˌʌnˈfɛərər/
The court found the contract to contain unfairer terms that disadvantaged the consumer.
'Unfairer' is primarily an adjective in comparative form used to describe conditions or actions more unjust than others, useful in legal analysis when comparing degrees of unfairness.
The court ruled that the contract was the unfairest they had reviewed due to its one-sided terms.
"Unfairest" is a superlative adjective rarely used in legal texts but may appear in judicial opinions to emphasize extreme inequity or bias.
/ʌnˈfɛərnəs/
The plaintiff argued that the contract's terms exhibited clear unfairness.
Unfairness commonly appears in legal discussions regarding procedural justice and substantive fairness, often informing doctrines like unconscionability and discrimination law.
/ˌʌnˈfɪt/
The court declared the witness unfit to testify due to mental incapacity.
He was removed from office as he was deemed unfit to serve.
Often used in legal contexts to assess whether a person meets the necessary criteria to perform a duty or hold a position; its application varies by jurisdiction and context.
/ˌʌnˈfɪtɪd/
The unfitted clause was removed to prevent ambiguity in the contract.
Use 'unfitted' to describe legal objects or provisions lacking proper adaptation or conformity; clarity is essential to avoid interpretation issues.
/ˌʌnˈfɪtɪŋ/
The defendant’s behavior was deemed unfitting for someone in a fiduciary role.
Use with care to describe actions or circumstances that deviate from expected legal norms or duties.
/ʌnˈfaʊndɪd/
The court dismissed the case as unfounded due to insufficient evidence.
The term 'unfounded' is frequently used in judicial opinions to denote claims or assertions that lack factual support, influencing decisions to dismiss or reject such claims early in litigation.
/ˌʌnˈfaʊn.dɪd.nəs/
The court dismissed the lawsuit for unfoundedness due to lack of evidence.
'Unfoundedness' is commonly used in legal contexts to denote the absence of grounds for an allegation or claim, often serving as a basis for dismissal or summary judgment.
/ʌnˈfrɛn(d)li/
The defendant's unfriendly behavior during settlement talks complicated the resolution process.
In legal drafting, describing conduct as 'unfriendly' often implies adversarial or non-cooperative behavior without necessarily invoking formal sanctions.
/ˌʌnˈɡreɪtfʊlnəs/
The court considered the ungratefulness of the beneficiary in denying them certain equitable remedies.
Ungratefulness is rarely a standalone legal claim but may influence equitable doctrines or judgments involving fiduciary duties and contract performance.
/ˌjuːˌɛnˈeɪtʃˌsiːˈɑːr/
The UNHCR provides legal assistance and shelter to displaced persons during conflicts.
The term UNHCR is an acronym widely recognized in international law and refugee protection contexts; use in legal documents should ensure clarity by defining it upon first use.
/ˌjuːnɪˈkæmərəl/
The state adopted a unicameral legislature to streamline the lawmaking process.
Unicameral is often contrasted with bicameral; specifying unicameral clarifies legislative structure in legal texts.
/ˌjuːnɪˈkæm(ə)rəl ˈlɛdʒɪsˌleɪtʃər/
The state adopted a unicameral legislature to streamline the lawmaking process.
Unicameral legislatures simplify governance by concentrating legislative authority in one body, often used for efficiency and cost reduction compared to bicameral systems.
/ˌjuːnɪˈkæmərəlɪzəm/
The country's move to unicameralism simplified the legislative process by consolidating authority in one chamber.
Unicameralism contrasts with bicameralism and affects legislative efficiency and representation.
/ˌjuːnɪˈkæmərəli/
The law was passed unicamerally without the need for a second legislative house.
Used primarily in legislative and constitutional law contexts to describe actions or processes involving a single-chamber legislative body.
/ˌjuːnɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/
The unification of the two corporations required approval from regulatory authorities.
The country pursued the unification of its civil and common law traditions to simplify its legal system.
Unification often involves complex statutory or constitutional changes and must consider conflicts of laws during the integration of different legal systems.
/ˈjuːnɪfaɪd kəˈmænd/
The unified command coordinated efforts between local police and fire departments during the disaster.
Use 'unified command' to emphasize cooperative authority in multi-agency incident management, ensuring unified objectives and resource allocation.
/ˈjuːnɪfɔːrm/
The states adopted a uniform law to streamline commerce.
The officer was recognized by his uniform at the courthouse.
In legal drafting, 'uniform' often relates to laws or regulations adopted across various jurisdictions to achieve consistency; use 'uniform law' for clarity in such contexts.
/ˈjunɪfɔrmækts/
Many states have adopted versions of the Uniform Commercial Code, one of the most influential uniform acts.
Uniform acts are drafted to encourage consistent legal standards across jurisdictions; drafters should ensure adaptability to differing state needs while preserving core provisions.
/ˌjuːnɪˈfɔːrm əˌnætəˈmɪkəl gɪft ækt/
The hospital adhered to the provisions of the Uniform Anatomical Gift Act when managing organ donations.
Drafters should note that the Act standardizes organ donation procedures across states, but states may adopt modified versions.
/ˈjuːnɪfɔrm saɪˈteɪʃən ɡaɪd/
The attorney referred to the uniform citation guide to format the case citations correctly in the brief.
Uniform citation guides help maintain consistency in legal writing, especially in multi-jurisdictional contexts; drafters should specify the edition and jurisdiction when citing such guides.
/ˈjuːnɪfɔːrm koʊd ʌv ˈmɪlɪˌtɛri ˈdʒʌstɪs/
The accused was tried under the Uniform Code of Military Justice for violations of military discipline.
The UCMJ is distinct from civilian criminal codes and uniquely governs the armed forces; drafting references should explicitly identify it as a federal statute codified at 10 U.S.C. §§ 801–946.
/ˈjunɪfɔrm koʊdz/
The Uniform Commercial Code facilitates interstate commercial transactions by providing a consistent legal framework.
State legislatures often consider adopting uniform codes to reduce discrepancies in business regulations.
Uniform codes are drafted to promote legal consistency; when referencing, specify the particular code to avoid ambiguity.
/ˈjuːnɪfɔrm kəˈmɜːrʃəl koʊd/
The Uniform Commercial Code facilitates interstate commerce by providing standardized legal rules.
UCC is often cited by article number and is key for drafting and interpreting commercial contracts; practitioners should specify the relevant article to avoid ambiguity.
/ˈjunɪfɔrm kəˈmɜːrʃəl lɔː/
The Uniform Commercial Law facilitates interstate business by providing consistent rules for sales and negotiable instruments.
Often referenced as the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC), this term represents a model statute intended for adoption by states, emphasizing uniformity in commercial law to reduce complexity in cross-state commerce.
/ˈjuːnɪfɔːrm ˈdoʊmeɪn neɪm dɪsˈpjuːt rɪˈzɒljuːʃən ˈpɒlɪsi/
The trademark owner initiated a complaint under the Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy to recover the infringing domain.
The Uniform Domain-Name Dispute-Resolution Policy (UDRP) is widely used to address cases of cybersquatting; careful adherence to ICANN procedural rules is crucial for successful outcomes.
/ˈjuːnɪfɔːrm ɪˈlɛktrɒnɪk trænˈzækʃənz ækt/
The Uniform Electronic Transactions Act standardizes e-signature validity across many states.
Often abbreviated as UETA, it ensures that electronic contracts have the same legal effect as paper counterparts.
/ˈjuːnɪfɔːrm ɛnˈfɔːrsmənt ækt/
The court applied the Uniform Enforcement Act to enforce the foreign judgment without re-litigating the merits.
Often adopted by states to reduce litigation complexity, the Act streamlines cross-jurisdictional enforcement by minimizing reexamination of the underlying case.
/ˈjunɪfɔrm lɔː/
The Uniform Commercial Code is a prominent example of a uniform law adopted by many U.S. states.
Uniform laws are instruments designed to promote consistency in legal rules among different jurisdictions, often promulgated by organizations such as the Uniform Law Commission.
/ˈjuːnɪfɔːrm ˈlɔː ˈkɒmɪʃən/
The Uniform Law Commission drafted the Uniform Commercial Code to standardize sales laws across states.
Often abbreviated as ULC; its model acts aid legal uniformity among states but require state legislative adoption to be effective.
/ˈjunɪfɔrm ˈproʊbeɪt koʊd/
The Uniform Probate Code has been adopted in multiple states to streamline estate settlement procedures.
Drafting of the Uniform Probate Code emphasizes consistency and clarity to reduce interstate probate conflicts and disputes.
/ˈjuːnɪfɔːrm ˌrɛɡjʊˈleɪʃənz/
The uniform regulations on electronic transactions facilitate smoother cross-border commerce.
Uniform regulations are often drafted to reduce legal discrepancies and enhance comparability; drafters should ensure clarity to accommodate various jurisdictions' needs.
/ˈjuːnɪfɔːrm ˈsɪstəm əv saɪˈteɪʃən/
Law students often learn to use the Uniform System of Citation to format their legal briefs correctly.
The term often refers specifically to the Bluebook style, widely adopted for legal citations in the U.S., promoting consistency and clarity in legal documents.
/ˌjuːnɪˈfɔːrmd ˈsɜːrvɪsɪz ækt/
The Uniformed Services Act ensures protections for military personnel during active duty.
The term specifically denotes the U.S. federal law regulating the service conditions of uniformed personnel; be precise about jurisdiction when drafting.
/ˌjuːnɪˈfɔːrmɪti/
The court emphasized the importance of uniformity in the application of statutory law across different jurisdictions.
The examiner rejected the application because the claims lacked the necessary uniformity.
Uniformity in legal contexts ensures predictable and equitable application of laws; drafters should clearly define standards to promote it.
/ˌjuːnɪˈlætərəl/
The company made a unilateral decision to terminate the contract without consulting the partner.
In legal drafting, unilateral acts often require explicit clarity to avoid disputes over consent or authority.
/ˌjuːnɪˈlætərəl ˈkɒntrækt/
The reward offer constituted a unilateral contract, binding the promisor once the act was completed.
Unilateral contracts are distinguished from bilateral contracts by having a single promisor and requiring performance, not a return promise, to create enforceability.
/ˌjuːnɪˈlætərəl mɪˈsteɪk/
The contract was voided due to a unilateral mistake about the property boundaries.
Unilateral mistakes generally do not void contracts unless the non-mistaken party knew or should have known of the error, highlighting the importance of good faith in negotiations.
/ˌjuːnɪˈlætərəli/
The company unilaterally terminated the contract without notifying the other party.
Often used in contract law to indicate an action taken independently by one party; important to distinguish from mutual or bilateral actions.
/ˈjuːnɪən/
The union negotiated higher wages for its members.
The union of the two companies resulted in a larger corporation.
The term 'union' is often used in labor law to denote worker associations, but it also has broader legal usage referring to the combining or merging of entities or rights.
/ˈjuːniən ˈkɒntrækt/
The union contract established the workers' wages, hours, and benefits for the next three years.
Ensure clarity by specifying the parties involved and the scope of the agreement when drafting or interpreting union contracts.
/ˈjuːnjən djuːz/
The workers agreed to pay union dues monthly to support collective bargaining efforts.
Union dues are typically mandatory for union members and are distinct from agency fees, which nonmembers may pay.
/ˈjuːnjən fiː/
Employees agreed to pay a union fee to support collective bargaining efforts.
Union fees often differ from union dues in scope and purpose; precise terminology may vary by jurisdiction.
/ˈjuːnjən ˈmɛmbər/
The union member attended the meeting to vote on the new contract terms.
This term specifically denotes personal affiliation with a labor union, distinct from collective or organizational references.
/ˈjuːnjən ˈmɛmbərʃɪp/
Union membership often grants employees the right to vote on collective bargaining agreements.
Union membership legally confers rights and obligations governed by labor law, affecting collective bargaining and workplace representation.
/ˈjuː.njən ˌrɛkəɡˈnɪʃən/
Union recognition is essential before collective bargaining can legally proceed.
Union recognition is typically established through voluntary employer acceptance or legal certification and is crucial for enforcing collective bargaining rights.
/ˈjuː.njən ˌrɛprɪzɛnˈteɪʃən ɪˈlɛkʃən/
The National Labor Relations Board supervises the union representation election to ensure fairness.
Typically conducted under the oversight of the National Labor Relations Board, these elections are critical in labor law to establish union status; precision in procedural rules is essential in drafting related documents.
/ˈjuː.njən ˌrɛp.rɪˈzɛn.tə.tɪv/
The union representative negotiated better working conditions on behalf of the employees.
Typically designated by union members, a union representative plays a key role in grievance handling and contract enforcement.
/ˈjuːniən sɪˈkjʊərɪti əˈɡriːmənt/
The company entered into a union security agreement to ensure consistent union membership among its workers.
Union security agreements vary by jurisdiction regarding the extent to which union membership or fee payments can be mandated, reflecting differing labor law policies.
/ˈjuːnjən ʃɒp/
The factory operated as a union shop, requiring all new hires to become union members within 30 days.
Union shop agreements are distinct from closed shops; they mandate union membership shortly after hiring rather than as a precondition for employment.
/ˈjuːniən ˌsɒlɪˈdærɪti/
Union solidarity was crucial in sustaining the strike until the employer agreed to the workers' demands.
Union solidarity emphasizes collective unity as a legal and social principle underpinning union effectiveness and is often invoked in interpreting labor law protections.
/ˈjuːnjən ˈstuːərd/
The union steward negotiated with management to resolve the workers' grievances.
A union steward's role is pivotal in enforcing collective bargaining agreements and facilitating communication in labor relations.
/ˌjuː.nɪ.ən.aɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/
Unionisation led to improved working conditions and collective bargaining agreements.
Unionisation typically involves legal recognition procedures under labour law and affects employer-employee relations.
/ˌjuːniənaɪˈzeɪʃən/
The company's management faced increasing pressure after the employees voted in favor of unionization.
Unionization of the workforce led to better benefits for the employees.
Unionization is often a focal point in labor law, involving legal protections for workers' rights to organize and collectively bargain under statutes like the NLRA (National Labor Relations Act).
/ˈjuːniəˌnaɪz/
The employees decided to unionize to negotiate better wages and working conditions.
The term is typically used in labor law contexts to describe the act of forming or joining a union, essential for protecting workers' rights collectively.
/ˈjuː.nɪk/
The contract granted her unique rights not available to other parties.
The trademark's unique features made it protectable under intellectual property law.
In legal drafting, 'unique' underscores exclusivity and distinctiveness essential for rights or claims, often tied to intellectual property or contractual terms.
/ˈjuː.nɪk aɪˈdɛn.tɪ.faɪər/
The contract was referenced by its unique identifier in the legal database.
Unique identifiers are critical in legal documentation and data management to precisely refer to entities and avoid ambiguity.
/juːˈnɪknəs/
The uniqueness of the trademark helped the plaintiff prove infringement.
In legal drafting, emphasizing uniqueness can be key in claims involving intellectual property rights or contractual obligations to ensure individuality and non-substitutability.
/ˈjuː.nɪt/
The lease agreement specifies the conditions for each rental unit within the complex.
The contract requires payment by units of 100 shares each.
Each unit owner has a deed for their individual unit in the condominium.
The term 'unit' varies by context—common uses involve property subdivisions or quantifiable measures in agreements; specificity in drafting ensures clarity.
/ˈjuː.nɪt əv ˈvæl.juː/
The contract specified the unit of value for each commodity sold.
The court determined damages based on the prescribed unit of value in currency.
In drafting, clarity about which 'unit of value' applies—whether monetary, contractual, or abstract—is important to avoid ambiguity in valuation or damages calculations.
/ˈjuːnɪt trʌst/
Investors purchased units in the unit trust to gain diversified exposure to the property market.
Unit trusts differ from other collective investment vehicles by holding assets in trust and issuing units rather than shares; precise regulation varies by jurisdiction.
/ˈjuːnɪt praɪs ˈkɒntrækt/
The construction project was awarded as a unit-price contract, enabling flexible adjustments for actual quantities used.
Unit-price contracts are often used when quantities cannot be precisely determined at the outset, allowing payment adjustment based on actual work performed or materials supplied.
/ˈjuːnɪtɛri ˈsɪstəm/
France operates under a unitary system where national laws override regional statutes.
In drafting, distinguish a unitary system from federal or confederate systems by the locus of sovereignty and delegation of authority.
/juːˈnaɪt/
The parties agreed to unite their claims into a single lawsuit.
Several companies united their resources to form a joint venture.
In legal drafting, clarity is key when using 'unite' to specify the nature of the union—whether procedural, substantive, or structural.
/ˌjuːnaɪtɪd ˈneɪʃənz/
The United Nations passed a resolution to address climate change globally.
Often abbreviated as UN, it functions as a primary forum for multilateral diplomacy and international law enforcement.
/ˌjuː.naɪ.tɪd ˈneɪ.ʃənz ˈtʃɑːr.tər/
The United Nations Charter sets forth the framework for international peace and cooperation.
The Charter is fundamental in international law, serving as the constitutional basis of the UN; drafters should reference its provisions when discussing international obligations and organizations.
/ˌjuːnaɪtɪd neɪʃənz kənˈvɛnʃən ɒn ðə raɪts əv ðə tʃaɪld/
The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child establishes standards to protect children's rights worldwide.
Frequently abbreviated as CRC; serves as a foundational instrument in international human rights law specifically protecting children's interests.
/ˌjuːnɪtɪd neɪʃənz ˈfreɪmwɜrk kənˈvɛnʃən ɒn ˈklaɪmət ʧeɪndʒ/
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change provides the foundation for global climate policies.
Often abbreviated as UNFCCC, this treaty is the basis for subsequent protocols and agreements addressing climate change.
/ˌjuː.naɪ.tɪd ˈneɪ.ʃənz ˈdʒɛn.ər.əl əˈsɛm.bli/
The United Nations General Assembly convenes annually to address global peace and security concerns.
Often abbreviated as UNGA, it is distinct from the Security Council and has no binding decision-making power but significant influence in international law and diplomacy.
/ˌjuː.naɪ.tɪd ˈneɪ.ʃənz ˈhjuː.mən raɪts kəˈmɪt.i/
The United Nations Human Rights Committee reviews periodic reports submitted by member states on their human rights practices.
Often abbreviated as 'UN Human Rights Committee' or 'UNHRC'; distinct from the UN Human Rights Council, it specifically oversees the ICCPR rather than the broader human rights mandate.
/ˌjuːnɪtɪd ˈneɪʃənz sɪˈkjʊərɪti ˈkaʊnsəl/
The United Nations Security Council passed a resolution to impose sanctions on the offending country.
The term refers specifically to the UN body with authority under the UN Charter to address threats to peace; note its distinctive role compared to other UN organs.
/ˌjuːnaɪtɪd ˈneɪʃənz ˈtruːstrɪʃɪp ˈkaʊnsəl/
The United Nations Trusteeship Council played a key role in supervising trust territories after World War II.
The Trusteeship Council remains inactive since the last trust territory attained independence, but it is symbolically preserved in the UN Charter.
/ˌjuːnɪtɪd ˈneɪʃənz ˈtrʌstɪʃɪp ˈsɪstəm/
The United Nations Trusteeship System played a key role in overseeing decolonization after World War II.
Use precise reference to 'trust territories' within the UN context to avoid confusion with other types of trusteeship arrangements.
/ˌjuːnaɪtɪd steɪts sɪtɪˈzɛnʃɪp ænd ˌɪmɪˈɡreɪʃən ˈsɜrvɪsɪz/
The United States Citizenship and Immigration Services adjudicated his application for permanent residency.
Often abbreviated as USCIS, this agency plays a central role in U.S. immigration processes; clarity in referring to it by full name or abbreviation improves legal drafting and understanding.
/ˌjuːnɪtɪd steɪts koʊd/
The lawyer referred to the United States Code to find the applicable federal law.
The United States Code is the comprehensive and organized collection of federal statutes, arranged by subject matter. When citing, refer to the title and section number for precision.
/ˈjuːnaɪtɪd steɪts ˈkɑːŋɡrəs/
The United States Congress passed the bill after lengthy debate.
The term specifically refers to the combined legislative body, not its individual chambers.
/ˌjuːnaɪtɪd steɪts ˌkɒnstɪˈtjuːʃən/
The United States Constitution guarantees freedom of speech.
Often cited as the foundational legal document; interpretation evolves through judicial review and amendments.
/ˌjuː.nɪ.tɪd ˈsteɪts ˈɡʌvərnmənt/
The United States Government enacted new legislation on data privacy.
Treaties must be ratified by the United States Government before taking effect.
Refers primarily to the entire federal governmental structure; in legal contexts, it is important to specify the branch when relevant.
/ˌjuː.nɪ.tɪd steɪts ˈsiː.krɪt ˈsɜːr.vɪs/
The United States Secret Service provides protection to the President and investigates counterfeiting activities.
Often associated with presidential protection, the agency also plays significant roles in criminal investigations related to financial crimes.
/ˈjuːnaɪtɪd steɪts ˈstætʃuːts æt ˈlɑːrdʒ/
The researcher consulted the United States Statutes at Large to find the original text of the law as passed by Congress.
The United States Statutes at Large serve as the definitive final source for the text of federal laws before codification; they are essential for verifying the exact language and legislative history of statutes.
/ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːrsəl/
The principle of universal jurisdiction allows courts to try certain crimes regardless of where they were committed.
Universals in property law refer to rights common to all owners within a legal category.
In legal contexts, "universal" often indicates applicability across multiple jurisdictions or cases; drafting should clarify scope to avoid ambiguity.
/ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːrsəl ˈkrɛdɪt/
She applied for Universal Credit to cover her living expenses after losing her job.
Universal Credit simplifies benefit claims but requires careful eligibility assessment and understanding of its impact on recipients' income and work incentives.
/ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːrsəl ˌdɛkləˈreɪʃən ʌv ˈhjuːmən raɪts/
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights sets the standard for human dignity worldwide.
While not legally binding, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights serves as a foundational text and persuasive authority in human rights law and policy.
/ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːrsəl hɛlθ ˈkʌvərɪdʒ/
The government adopted universal health coverage to ensure no citizen is denied medical care due to cost.
Universal health coverage is often addressed in legislation and international treaties focusing on equity, affordability, and access; precise definitions can vary by jurisdiction and policy framework.
/ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːrsəl ˈhɛlθˌkɛər/
The government enacted universal healthcare to guarantee medical coverage for every citizen.
Universal healthcare legislation often includes provisions for funding and service delivery regulations.
Universal healthcare involves legal provisions mandating access to healthcare, often requiring precise statutory language to define scope, eligibility, and financial structures.
/ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːrsəl ˌdʒʊərɪsˈdɪkʃən/
Universal jurisdiction enables courts to prosecute war crimes committed abroad even if the accused is not a national.
Universal jurisdiction is often invoked in cases involving grave international offenses where no state has an obvious jurisdictional claim; it plays a key role in enforcing international criminal law beyond territorial limits.
/ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːrsəl lɔː/
The doctrine was upheld as a universal law binding all contract disputes.
The prohibition of genocide is considered a universal law in international jurisprudence.
Universal law often reflects foundational or overriding norms and differs from domestic statutes by its broad applicability; drafters should clarify whether referencing customary, statutory, or moral foundations.
/ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːrsəl laɪf ɪnˈʃʊərəns/
She chose universal life insurance for its adjustable premiums and cash value growth.
Universal life insurance policies offer policyholders the flexibility to adjust premiums and death benefits, which differs from traditional whole life policies with fixed premiums and benefits.
/ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːrsəl ˈpoʊstəl ˈjuːnɪən/
The Universal Postal Union facilitates the exchange of international mail by setting common rules and standards.
The Universal Postal Union is foundational in international postal regulation, often referenced in treaties governing cross-border mail services.
/ˌjuː.nɪˈvɜːr.səl ˈpoʊs.təl ˈjuː.njən əˈgriː.mənt/
The Universal Postal Union Agreement sets uniform postal rates and procedures to ensure smooth global mail delivery.
Typically cited in contexts involving cross-border mail services; drafters should note its binding effect on member states to harmonize postal operations.
/ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːrsl ˈsɜːrvɪs/
The telecommunications company is required to provide universal service to rural areas.
Universal service aims to bridge the digital divide by extending broadband access nationwide.
Universal service obligations often require specific regulatory frameworks and funding mechanisms, such as universal service funds, to ensure equitable access.
/ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːrsəl ˈsɜːrvɪs fʌnd/
The Universal Service Fund helps subsidize internet access in rural communities.
The Universal Service Fund often arises in regulatory and telecommunications law, with contributions legally mandated and overseen by federal agencies; drafting should specify eligible services and contributors clearly.
/ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːrsəl ˈsɜːrvɪs ɒblɪˈɡeɪʃən/
The telecommunications company was mandated to fulfill its universal service obligation by providing affordable service to rural areas.
Often crucial in regulatory frameworks, universal service obligations balance commercial interests with public policy goals by mandating minimum service levels universally.
/ˌjuː.nɪ.vɜːrˈsæl.ɪ.ti/
The principle of universality ensures that fundamental rights apply to all individuals regardless of jurisdiction.
In legal drafting, universality often pertains to concepts or principles that transcend local laws and apply broadly, such as in international human rights law.
/ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːrsəlɪti ˈprɪnsɪpəl/
The universality principle often underpins international human rights treaties to ensure protections are globally recognized.
The universality principle guided the court's decision to apply domestic law to foreign parties in the dispute.
The universality principle is often invoked in international law contexts to justify the global application of norms; drafters should clarify which laws or rights the principle encompasses to avoid ambiguity.
/ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːrsɪti/
The university was established under state law and grants accredited degrees.
In legal contexts, a university may be established by government statute or private charter, conferring it rights and responsibilities distinct from other educational entities.
/ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːrsɪti ˈɡʌvərnəns/
University governance ensures that academic standards and financial management align with institutional goals.
University governance frequently intersects with legal frameworks governing nonprofit organizations and public institutions, necessitating clear delineation of authority and accountability in governing documents.
/ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːrsəti ˈpætənt raɪts/
The university asserted its university patent rights to commercialize the new technology developed by its researchers.
University patent rights policies vary widely and affect technology transfer outcomes.
University patent rights often implicate public funding statutes and technology commercialization strategies; clarity in contract and policy drafting is essential to delineate ownership and revenue-sharing.
/ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːrsɪti ˌrɛɡjʊˈleɪʃənz/
The university regulations require students to maintain a minimum GPA to remain enrolled.
University regulations often complement broader statutory frameworks and should be drafted clearly to avoid conflicts with national education laws.
/ʌnˈdʒʌst/
The court ruled that the law was unjust and violated constitutional rights.
Often used in judicial opinions to describe actions, laws, or decisions that fail standards of equity or legal fairness.
/ˌʌnˈdʒʌst ɛnˈrɪʧmənt/
The court found unjust enrichment where the defendant kept the money without paying for the service.
Unjust enrichment typically requires proof of a benefit, enrichment, and the absence of a legal basis for retention; it forms a basis for restitutionary remedies.
/ʌnˌdʒʌstɪˈfaɪəbli/
The court ruled that the contract was unjustifiably terminated by the employer.
Use 'unjustifiably' to describe acts or decisions without adequate legal basis, often implying wrongful or arbitrary conduct.
/ʌnˈlɔːfʊl/
The company was fined for engaging in unlawful practices.
The search was deemed unlawful because it lacked a valid warrant.
Typically used to describe acts or conditions that violate statutory or common law; often distinguished from 'illegal' in statutory interpretation contexts.
/ʌnˈlɔːfʊl əˌproʊpriˈeɪʃən/
The defendant was charged with unlawful appropriation of company funds.
Typically used in contexts involving fiduciary duty or breach of trust; overlaps with but is distinct from general theft in emphasizing unauthorized use rather than mere taking.
/ˌʌnˈlɔːfəl əˈsɛmbli/
The police dispersed the unlawful assembly before it escalated into violence.
Term typically involves an unlawful combination with intent or conduct disturbing public peace; statutory definitions may vary, so always consult jurisdiction-specific law.
/ˌʌnˈlɔːfəl ˈkɒmbətənt/
The detainees were classified as unlawful combatants rather than prisoners of war.
International law debates the treatment and rights of unlawful combatants captured during conflicts.
The term 'unlawful combatant' is complex and context-dependent, often influencing detainee treatment under international humanitarian law; drafters should clarify status and applicable legal protections carefully.
/ˌʌnˈlɔːfʊl kənˈfaɪnmənt/
The defendant was charged with unlawful confinement for holding the victim in a locked room without consent.
Unlawful confinement often overlaps with false imprisonment but may differ based on local statutes; precise legal definitions vary by jurisdiction.
/ˌʌnˈlɔːfʊl dɪˈteɪnər/
The landlord filed an unlawful detainer to evict the tenant who refused to leave after the lease expired.
Often used interchangeably with eviction, but unlawful detainer specifically refers to the legal proceeding to regain possession of property occupied without legal right.
/ˌʌnˈlɔːfʊl dɪˈtɛnʃən/
The detainee filed a complaint alleging unlawful detention by the police.
Unlawful detention typically forms the basis for civil or constitutional claims; it's important to distinguish it from lawful arrest under proper authority.
/ˌʌnˈlɔː.fəl ˈɛn.tri/
The defendant was charged with unlawful entry after being found inside the house without consent.
The prosecution argued that the act amounted to unlawful entry rather than burglary.
Unlawful entry often overlaps with trespass but is distinguished by statutory definitions; drafters should specify whether intent elements apply.
/ˌʌnˈlɔːfʊl rɪˈstreɪnt/
The defendant was charged with unlawful restraint for detaining the victim against her will.
Unlawful restraint often overlaps with false imprisonment but specifically emphasizes unlawful restriction of physical movement, making precise phrasing important in legal drafting.
/ˌʌnˈlɔːfʊl treɪd/
The company was investigated for unlawful trade practices involving banned substances.
Unlawful trade typically involves intentional violation of trade laws and may have both criminal and civil consequences; precise definitions depend on jurisdiction and context.
/ˌʌnˈlɔːfʊl ˈweɪdərɪŋ/
The defendant was charged with unlawful wagering for organizing an underground betting ring.
Unlawful wagering is distinct from lawful betting in that it contravenes specific statutes or regulations; definitions can vary by jurisdiction.
/ʌnˈlɔː.fʊl.i/
The property was unlawfully seized by the authorities.
Used to emphasize actions taken without legal authority; often paired with verbs describing conduct or acts.
/ˌʌnˈlɔːfʊlnəs/
The unlawfulness of the contract rendered it void and unenforceable.
Commonly used in legal contexts to denote actions or conditions that breach statutory or common law norms.
/ʌnˈlɛs/
The contract is void unless both parties sign.
Commonly used in legal drafting to introduce exceptions or conditions negating an obligation or effect.
/ʌnˈlɪmɪtɪd/
The contract grants the licensee unlimited use of the software.
The defendant faced unlimited liability due to gross negligence.
Typically used in contracts and tort law to describe absence of restrictions; clarity on context is essential to avoid ambiguity.
/ˌʌnˈloʊdɪŋ/
The unloading of the cargo was delayed due to customs inspections.
Typically used in shipping and transport law contexts; precise timing and responsibility for unloading may affect risk and liability.
/ˌʌnˈpeɪd ˈɪntɜrnʃɪp/
The company faced scrutiny over whether its unpaid internships violated minimum wage laws.
Legally, the key issue with unpaid internships is whether the arrangement constitutes employment under labor statutes, impacting wage and hour regulations.
/ˌʌnˈpeɪd liːv/
She took unpaid leave to care for her newborn child.
Unpaid leave is distinct from paid leave and generally requires explicit agreement or statutory authorization; clarity in the terms and duration is advised in drafting policies.
/ˌʌnˈpeɪd weɪdʒɪz/
The employee filed a claim to recover unpaid wages after months without salary.
Unpaid wages typically arise in employment law contexts and are distinct from other forms of compensation arrears; precise calculation and statutory limits may vary by jurisdiction.
/ˌʌnprəˈfɛʃənəl/
The attorney's failure to disclose evidence was deemed unprofessional conduct.
Used primarily to assess behavior or conduct falling below established professional standards, often relevant in disciplinary contexts.
/ʌnˈkwɒlɪfaɪd əˈpɪnjən/
The auditor issued an unqualified opinion, indicating the financial statements were free of material misstatements.
An unqualified opinion is often referred to as a 'clean opinion' and signals auditor confidence; drafters should note its significance in financial and legal disclosures.
/ʌnˈriːzənəbəl/
The court found the search to be unreasonable and violated the Fourth Amendment.
The landlord’s demands for repairs were deemed unreasonable by the tenant tribunal.
‘Unreasonable’ in law often contrasts with ‘reasonable’; it is critical to consider the context to determine if conduct lacks justification or fairness under the law.
/ʌnˈriː.zən.ə.bəl rɪˈfjuzl/
The court found the party's unreasonable refusal to comply amounted to a breach of contract.
'Unreasonable refusal' commonly arises in contract law contexts to identify conduct by a party denying performance without just cause, emphasizing the duty of good faith and fair dealing.
/ˌʌnˈriːzənəbəl ˈsɜːrtʃ ænd sɪˈʒʊər/
The evidence was suppressed due to an unreasonable search and seizure in violation of the Fourth Amendment.
This term primarily arises in constitutional law contexts, concerning the limits on state power under the Fourth Amendment in the U.S. Legal definitions emphasize the balance between law enforcement needs and individual privacy rights.
/ˌʌnrizənəˈbɪlnəs/
The court found the administrative decision was invalid due to its unreasonableness.
In legal drafting, 'unreasonableness' often denotes a threshold for review of decisions, particularly in administrative law, emphasizing lack of justification or logic.
/ˌʌnˈriːzənəbli/
The court held that the decision was made unreasonably and overturned it.
Used to describe actions, decisions, or conditions that fall short of the standard of reasonableness expected in legal contexts, often influencing standards of review or liability assessments.
/ˌʌnrɛɡjʊˈleɪtɪd ɛmˈplɔɪmənt/
Workers in unregulated employment frequently face challenges securing fair wages and safe working conditions.
Many domestic workers operate in unregulated employment, making it difficult to enforce labor rights.
Term emphasizes the lack of formal legal oversight; drafts should clarify the distinction between unregulated and informal employment when relevant.
/ˌʌnˈrɛɡjʊleɪtɪd ˈmɑːrkɪt/
The unregulated market led to increased risks due to a lack of consumer protections.
The term highlights the absence of legal controls, often implicating increased risk and legal ambiguity; drafting should clarify the scope and context of regulation referred to.
/ʌnˈsɪkjʊərd/
The creditor held an unsecured claim against the debtor's estate.
The unsecured loan carries a higher interest rate due to increased risk.
In legal contexts, unsecured typically refers to debts or claims lacking specific collateral; always distinguish from secured counterparts to clarify rights and risk.
/ˌʌnˈsɪkjʊəd bɒnd/
Investors accepted a higher risk when purchasing the unsecured bond due to lack of collateral.
Unsecured bonds generally carry higher interest rates to compensate for increased risk compared to secured bonds.
/ˌʌnˈsɪkjʊərd kleɪm/
The unsecured claim holders received only a fraction of their debts after the company filed for bankruptcy.
Unsecured claims commonly arise in bankruptcy and restructuring contexts; specifying the absence of collateral is essential for distinguishing repayment priority.
/ˌʌnˈsɛkjʊrd ˈkrɛdɪt/
The lender issued unsecured credit based on the customer's strong credit history.
Unsecured credit is often riskier for lenders, leading to higher interest rates; it is crucial to clearly define terms and obligations in the credit agreement to avoid ambiguity.
/ˌʌnˈsɪkjʊərd ˈkrɛdɪtər/
Unsecured creditors often face higher risk as they are paid after secured creditors in insolvency.
Unsecured creditors lack collateral backing and thus have lower priority in debt recovery compared to secured creditors.
/ˌʌnˈsʪkjʊrd dɛt/
Credit cards typically represent unsecured debt since they are not tied to any asset.
Unsecured debt carries higher risk for lenders and usually results in higher interest rates; clear differentiation from secured debt is essential in drafting loan documents.
/ʌnˈsɪkjʊərd ˈfaɪnænsɪŋ/
The company obtained unsecured financing to fund its expansion without pledging any assets.
Unsecured financing involves higher risk for lenders due to lack of collateral, often resulting in higher interest rates; clear documentation of credit terms is critical.
/ˌʌnˈsɛkjʊərd ˈlɛndɪŋ/
The bank specializes in unsecured lending for small businesses.
Unsecured lending typically involves higher risk for lenders and may require stricter creditworthiness assessments.
/ʌnˈsjʊərd loʊn/
The company secured funding through an unsecured loan based on its strong credit history.
Unsecured loans typically have higher interest rates than secured loans because they pose more risk to lenders.
Unsecured loans contrast with secured loans, which require collateral; drafting should clearly specify if the loan is secured or unsecured to avoid ambiguity in obligations and remedies.
/ʌnˈsiːmli/
The lawyer's unseemly behavior during the trial led to a reprimand.
Often used to describe conduct that, while not necessarily illegal, violates standards of professional or courtroom decorum.
/ˌʌnˈsɒlɪsɪtɪd kəˈmɜːrʃəl iˈmeɪl/
The company was fined for sending unsolicited commercial email to thousands of users.
Legislation often distinguishes unsolicited commercial email from other electronic communications; precise consent language is crucial in compliance and litigation.
/ˌʌnsəˈlɪsɪtɪd ˌkɒmjʊnɪˈkeɪʃən/
The company was fined for sending unsolicited communications to consumers in violation of anti-spam laws.
Typically used in context of marketing and electronic messaging laws; defining consent is crucial when drafting policies concerning unsolicited communications.
/ˌʌnsəˈlɪsɪtɪd ɪˌlɛktrəˈnɪk kəˌmjunɪˈkeɪʃən/
The company was fined for sending unsolicited electronic communication to consumers without their permission.
Usually regulated under anti-spam and privacy statutes; key legal issues include consent and the content of the message.
/ˌʌnˈsaʊnd/
The contract was deemed unsound due to fraudulent inducement.
The court declared the company unsound and appointed a receiver.
Used to denote defective or invalid legal acts or unstable financial conditions; context defines precise legal implication.
/ˌʌnsuːtəˈbɪləti/
The court found the unsuitability of the clauses to protect consumer rights.
Often used in legal contexts to assess whether conditions, parties, or provisions meet required standards or criteria; consider context to clarify what makes something unsuitable.
/ʌnˈsuːtəbl/
The court found the clause unsuitable for inclusion in the contract.
Often used to critique terms, evidence, or procedures that fail to meet required legal standards or conditions for effectiveness.
/ˌʌnˈsuːtɪd/
The court found the evidence unsuited to proving the defendant's guilt.
Typically used to describe parties or items lacking proper legal standing, qualification, or applicability; often contrasted with 'suited' in procedural or evidentiary settings.
/ʌnˈtɪl/
The lease is valid until December 31, 2024.
The defendant must not enter the premises until the court issues a new order.
In legal drafting, 'until' often defines temporal limits for rights or obligations; clarity in specifying exact times is essential to avoid ambiguity.
/ˌʌnˈveɪl/
The company will unveil its new privacy policy next week.
The judge ordered the plaintiff to unveil all relevant documents.
In legal contexts, 'unveil' often carries a formal or official tone related to disclosure obligations or announcements; ensure clarity whether referring to symbolic removal of secrecy or procedural revelation.
/ˌʌnˈvɛrɪfaɪd lɪst/
Companies must verify the entities they work with are not on the unverified list before proceeding.
The unverified list typically requires heightened scrutiny in compliance and export control contexts, as it indicates unresolved concerns rather than confirmed sanctions or restrictions.
/ˌʌnˈwɒntɪd kəˌmjuːnɪˈkeɪʃənz/
The court issued an injunction to prevent further unwanted communications from the defendant.
Unwanted communications typically refer to messages sent without consent, including electronic or written forms, and are distinct from consensual or solicited communication in legal contexts.
/ˌʌnwɔːrəntɪd ɪkˈspɛns/
The auditor identified several unwarranted expenses claimed by the contractor that violated the terms of the agreement.
Unwarranted expenses frequently arise in contexts involving fiduciary duties, contract performance, and governmental or corporate audits, where distinguishing authorized from unauthorized costs is critical.
/ˌʌnwɛlkəmɪŋ ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt/
The employee alleged that the company maintained an unwelcoming environment that fostered harassment.
Often used in employment and civil rights litigation to describe atmospheres enabling discriminatory or harassing conduct.
/ˌʌnˈrɪt·ən lɔː/
The concept of common law is a form of unwritten law that evolves through court rulings.
Although not codified, the unwritten law against trespassing is widely respected.
Unwritten law often underscores the distinction between formal legislation and laws developed through judicial precedent or societal customs.
