AU glossary terms

Browse full definitions for every AU term in the Amicus glossary.

Auction

/ˈɔːkʃən/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A public sale in which goods or property are sold to the highest bidder.
    The estate was sold at auction to repay creditors.
  2. (v.) To sell property or goods by bidding in a public sale.
    They auctioned off the seized assets to satisfy the judgment.

Forms

  • auctions
  • auctioned
  • auctioning

Commentary

In legal texts, the term 'auction' often involves formal procedures and rules governing bidding and acceptance; clarity in specifying auction types (e.g., English, Dutch) is advisable in drafting.


Auction Law

/ˈɔːkʃən lɔː/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The body of law governing public sales of goods or property to the highest bidder, including rules on bidding, sale conditions, and transfer of ownership.
    Auction law regulates how items are sold to the highest bidder at public auctions.
  2. (n.) Regulations and legal principles governing the conduct and validity of auctions to ensure fairness and transparency.
    Compliance with auction law is essential to prevent disputes between bidders and sellers.

Commentary

Auction law is often governed by specific statutes or integrated within sales and contract law; understanding both is key when drafting auction terms.


Auctioneer

/ˈɔːkʃənɪər/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A person authorized to conduct the sale of goods or property by bidding at a public auction.
    The auctioneer called for final bids before closing the sale.

Forms

  • auctioneers
  • auctioneered
  • auctioneering

Commentary

Use 'auctioneer' to specifically denote the role or agent facilitating a public sale by auction, distinct from the auction process itself.


Auctoritas

/ɔːkˈtɔːrɪtɑːs/

Definitions

  1. (n.) In Roman law, the legal and social authority or prestige vested in an individual or institution, often linked to legitimate power to command or influence.
    The magistrate exercised auctoritas to enforce public order.
  2. (n.) In modern legal theory, the binding force or authority of law or legal documents derived from recognized sources.
    The contract’s auctoritas depended on both parties’ consent.

Forms

  • auctoritas

Commentary

Auctoritas denotes moral or legal authority rather than coercive power; distinguish from imperium which implies executive power.


Audi Alteram Partem

/ˈɔːdiː ˌɒltəˈræm ˈpɑːrtɛm/

Definitions

  1. (phrase) A fundamental principle of natural justice requiring that a person be given a fair opportunity to present their case before a decision is made against them.
    The court strictly adhered to the audi alteram partem rule to ensure the defendant's right to a fair hearing.

Forms

  • audi alteram partem

Commentary

This Latin maxim underpins procedural fairness in judicial and administrative proceedings, emphasizing the necessity of hearing both sides before adjudication.


Audience

/ˈɔːdiəns/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A body of persons to whom a speech or presentation is addressed, including in court proceedings.
    The lawyer addressed the audience in the courtroom.
  2. (n.) The group or person before whom a legal hearing or argument is presented.
    The judge was the audience for the oral argument.

Forms

  • audiences

Commentary

In legal contexts, 'audience' often refers both to those physically present in court and to persons receiving legal communication; clarity depends on context.


Audiovisual Media

/ˌɔːdi.oʊˈvɪʒ.u.əl ˈmiːdi.ə/

Definitions

  1. (n.) Content that combines both sound and visual elements, used in legal contexts such as copyright, broadcasting, and evidence law.
    The audiovisual media submitted in court included both video footage and recorded audio.

Forms

  • audiovisual media

Commentary

Term often appears in contexts involving rights management, licensing, and admissibility of evidence where both sound and visual components are integral.


Audiovisual Work

/ˌɔːdi.oʊˈvɪʒ.u.əl wɜːrk/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A work that consists of a series of related images intended to be shown by the use of machines or devices, together with accompanying sounds, if any.
    The film qualifies as an audiovisual work under copyright law.

Forms

  • audiovisual work
  • audiovisual works

Commentary

The term is primarily used in copyright law to distinguish works that combine visual and audio elements from purely literary or musical works.


Audit

/ˈɔːdɪt/

Definitions

  1. (n.) An official examination and verification of financial accounts and records, typically conducted to ensure accuracy and compliance with laws or regulations.
    The company underwent an annual audit to satisfy regulatory requirements.
  2. (n.) A systematic review or assessment of compliance with legal or procedural standards in various contexts, such as environmental law, labor laws, or data protection.
    The firm commissioned a data privacy audit to ensure compliance with new regulations.
  3. (v.) To conduct an official examination of financial accounts or compliance records.
    The external auditor will audit the corporation’s financial statements this quarter.

Forms

  • audits
  • audited
  • auditing

Commentary

In legal contexts, 'audit' extends beyond financial review to encompass compliance verification under regulatory frameworks; clarity on scope is crucial in drafting.


Audit Committee

/ˈɔː.dɪt kəˌmɪt.i/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A committee of a board of directors responsible for overseeing financial reporting, internal controls, and compliance with legal and regulatory requirements.
    The audit committee reviewed the company’s financial statements before approval.

Forms

  • audit committee
  • audit committees

Commentary

The audit committee is a critical governance body that ensures accountability and transparency in corporate financial matters.


Audit Department

/ˈɔːdɪt dɪˌpɑːrtmənt/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A specialized division within an organization responsible for examining and verifying the accuracy of financial records and compliance with relevant laws and regulations.
    The audit department identified discrepancies in the company's financial statements during the quarterly review.

Forms

  • audit department
  • audit departments

Commentary

Typically staffed by accountants or auditors, the audit department plays a critical role in risk management and regulatory compliance, ensuring organizational accountability.


Audit Documentation

/ˈɔː.dɪt ˌdɒk.jʊ.mənˈteɪ.ʃən/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The official records and evidentiary documents prepared during an audit, detailing procedures performed, evidence gathered, and conclusions reached.
    The auditor reviewed the audit documentation to verify compliance with applicable standards.

Forms

  • audit documentation

Commentary

Audit documentation should be thorough and well-organized to support audit findings and withstand legal scrutiny.


Audit Evidence

/ˈɔː.dɪt ˈɛv.ɪ.dəns/

Definitions

  1. (n.) Documents, records, or other information used by auditors to support their audit opinion.
    The auditor collected sufficient audit evidence to verify the company's financial statements.

Forms

  • audit evidence

Commentary

Audit evidence must be relevant and reliable to support audit conclusions; auditors should assess its sufficiency and appropriateness.


Audit Management

/ˈɔː.dɪt ˈmæn.ɪdʒ.mənt/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The systematic administration of auditing processes to ensure compliance, accuracy, and effectiveness in organizational financial and operational controls.
    The company implemented robust audit management to satisfy regulatory requirements.

Forms

  • audit management

Commentary

Audit management often involves software tools and frameworks to organize and document the auditing lifecycle, ensuring legal adherence and evidentiary support.


Audit Opinion

/ˈɔː.dɪt əˌpɪn.jən/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A formal statement by an independent auditor expressing their conclusion on the fairness of a financial statement.
    The auditor issued a clean audit opinion indicating the company's financial statements are free of material misstatement.
  2. (n.) An auditor’s expression regarding compliance with applicable laws, regulations, or contractual agreements during a review.
    The audit opinion highlighted non-compliance issues discovered during the regulatory audit.

Forms

  • audit opinion
  • audit opinions

Commentary

Audit opinions are critical in legal contexts as they can influence liability and contractual obligations; precise wording in audit opinions is key to reflecting the auditor’s level of assurance.


Audit Period

/ˈɔːdɪt ˈpɪəriəd/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The specific duration covered by an audit during which financial transactions and compliance are examined.
    The auditor reviewed all financial records within the audit period to ensure accuracy.

Forms

  • audit period
  • audit periods

Commentary

The term typically refers to a clearly defined timeframe and is crucial in drafting audit clauses to set the scope and limits of review.


Audit Report

/ˈɔː.dɪt rɪˌpɔːrt/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A formal written document presenting the findings of an audit, typically regarding financial statements or compliance.
    The auditor presented the audit report to the company's board of directors.
  2. (n.) A document summarizing the results of an examination of an organization's accounts and internal controls, often used for regulatory or legal compliance.
    The government requested the audit report to ensure adherence to tax laws.

Forms

  • audit reports

Commentary

An audit report must be clear and precise, as it can have legal consequences regarding financial accuracy and regulatory compliance.


Audit Rights

/ˈɔːdɪt raɪts/

Definitions

  1. (n.) Contractual rights that permit one party to examine the books, records, and accounts of another to verify compliance with an agreement.
    The vendor exercised its audit rights to ensure the buyer was paying the correct royalties.

Forms

  • audit rights
  • audit right

Commentary

Audit rights clauses should clearly specify scope, frequency, notice, and confidentiality to avoid disputes.


Audit Trail

/ˈɔː.dɪt treɪl/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A chronological record of all activities, changes, or transactions relevant to a legal or compliance matter, used to verify and trace data integrity and accountability.
    The audit trail demonstrated compliance with regulatory requirements during the financial review.

Forms

  • audit trails

Commentary

In legal contexts, an audit trail is critical for establishing evidence authenticity and supporting due diligence; drafting should clarify the scope and contents of the trail relevant to compliance or litigation needs.


Audited Financial Statements

/ˈɔːdɪtɪd fəˈnænʃəl ˈsteɪtmənts/

Definitions

  1. (n.) Financial statements of an entity that have been examined and verified by an independent auditor to ensure accuracy and compliance with accounting standards and legal requirements.
    The company's annual report included the audited financial statements to assure investors of its fiscal integrity.

Forms

  • audited financial statements
  • audited financial statement

Commentary

Audited financial statements are critical in legal and financial contexts for providing credible, legally compliant financial disclosures; drafters should ensure reference to applicable auditing standards.


Auditee

/ˈɔːdɪti/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A person, organization, or entity whose accounts or financial statements are examined during an audit.
    The auditee must provide all relevant financial records to the auditors.

Commentary

In legal or regulatory audits, the auditee is the subject of the audit; clarity on auditee responsibilities is critical in contract drafting and compliance documents.


Auditing Standard

/ˈɔːdɪtɪŋ ˈstændərd/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A guideline or rule established to direct the performance and reporting of an audit to ensure accuracy, consistency, and compliance with applicable regulatory requirements.
    The auditor adhered to the auditing standard to maintain the integrity of the financial review.

Forms

  • auditing standard
  • auditing standards

Commentary

Auditing standards serve as essential benchmarks for auditors, ensuring uniformity and reliability in audit procedures and outcomes across legal and regulatory frameworks.


Audition

/ˌɔːdɪˈʃən/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A formal legal hearing or trial to examine evidence and arguments, often preliminary to a final decision.
    The court held an audition to assess the admissibility of the disputed evidence.
  2. (n.) A scheduled hearing to assess the credibility and competency of a witness or party.
    The judge conducted an audition of the key witness before allowing the testimony.

Forms

  • auditions

Commentary

In legal contexts, 'audition' typically refers to a formal hearing process rather than its common association with performance selection.


Auditor

/ˈɔːdɪtə(r)/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A person authorized to examine and verify financial accounts or records, often appointed to ensure compliance with legal and regulatory standards.
    The auditor reviewed the company's financial statements for accuracy and compliance.
  2. (n.) A person appointed by a court or government body to investigate an organization’s accounts or operations for legal compliance.
    The court-appointed auditor investigated the nonprofit's expenditure records.

Commentary

In legal drafting, distinguish between financial auditors and auditors in other contexts by specifying the scope; always clarify appointment source when used in judicial or governmental contexts.


Auditor's Report

/ˈɔːdɪtərz rɪˈpɔːrt/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A formal statement issued by an auditor expressing an opinion on the truth and fairness of financial statements.
    The auditor's report confirmed the company's compliance with accounting standards.

Forms

  • auditor's report
  • auditors' report

Commentary

Typically, the auditor's report is a key document in financial and legal due diligence, often requiring precise wording to reflect the auditor's findings and scope of work.


Auditory

/ˈɔː.dɪ.tɔːr.i/

Definitions

  1. (adj.) Relating to the act or sense of hearing, especially in contexts like legal hearings or procedural rights.
    The defendant was present during the auditory phase of the trial.

Commentary

In legal contexts, 'auditory' typically pertains to hearings or processes involving oral presentations or auditory evidence rather than sensory perception per se.


Auer Deference

/ˈaʊər dɪˈfɛrəns/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A principle of judicial deference to administrative agencies' interpretations of ambiguous regulations they enforce, established by the U.S. Supreme Court in Auer v. Robbins (1997).
    The court applied Auer deference to uphold the agency's interpretation of its own regulation.

Forms

  • auer deference

Commentary

Auer deference applies when an agency interprets its own ambiguous regulation, distinct from Chevron deference which addresses agency interpretations of statutes. Courts scrutinize the reasonableness of the agency's interpretation under Auer.


Auer V. Robbins

/ˈaʊ.ər vɪ ˈrɒb.ɪnz/

Definitions

  1. (case) Auer v. Robbins, 519 U.S. 452 (1997), a U.S. Supreme Court case establishing the Auer deference doctrine, which directs courts to defer to an agency’s interpretation of its own ambiguous regulations unless plainly erroneous or inconsistent.
    The court applied Auer v. Robbins to uphold the agency's regulatory interpretation.

Forms

  • auer v. robbins

Commentary

Auer v. Robbins is pivotal in administrative law, clarifying judicial deference to agency regulatory interpretations; drafters should note its application limits and evolving jurisprudence.


Augmentation

/ˌɔːɡmɛnˈteɪʃən/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The act of enlarging, increasing, or enhancing in legal contexts, such as augmenting damages or evidence.
    The court allowed the augmentation of damages due to the defendant's conduct.
  2. (n.) In law of evidence, the addition of information to support or strengthen a case.
    The attorney requested augmentation of the record with new exhibits.

Commentary

Commonly used in contexts of increasing claims, evidence, or penalties; distinguish from amendments which usually alter legal documents rather than simply increasing.


Auspices

/ˈɔː.spɪ.sɪz/

Definitions

  1. (n.) Sponsorship or guidance, especially by a legal authority or organization, under which an action or event occurs.
    The project proceeded under the auspices of the international tribunal.
  2. (n.) The protective or authoritative support that legitimizes a legal act or organization.
    The charity operates under the auspices of a recognized nonprofit entity.

Forms

  • auspices

Commentary

Often used to indicate formal authority or sponsorship; clarify the sponsoring body's role in legal documents.


Auspicious

/ˌɔːˈspɪʃəs/

Definitions

  1. (adj.) Conducive to success; indicating favorable circumstances in legal agreements or actions.
    The contract was signed on an auspicious day, believed to bring good fortune to the parties involved.

Forms

  • auspicious

Commentary

Used to describe timing or conditions favorable to legal acts; often found in contract law indicating desirable circumstances for execution or performance.


Authentic

/ɔːˈθɛntɪk/

Definitions

  1. (adj.) Being genuine and verifiable as coming from the claimed source or origin, often crucial for evidence or documents.
    The court admitted the letter as authentic evidence of the agreement.
  2. (adj.) Conforming to fact and therefore trustworthy, especially in legal documents or signatures.
    The authentic signature was verified by the handwriting expert.

Commentary

In legal drafting, 'authentic' often qualifies documents, signatures, or evidence to establish trustworthiness and admissibility; always verify the source or means of authentication.


Authentically

/ɔːˈθentɪkli/

Definitions

  1. (adv.) In a manner that is genuine, truthful, or verifiable, often relating to legal documents, evidence, or representation.
    The witness spoke authentically about the events in the contract dispute.

Commentary

Used to emphasize the truthfulness or validity of statements, evidence, or documents in legal contexts.


Authenticate

/ɔːˈθɛntɪˌkeɪt/

Definitions

  1. (v.) To establish the genuineness or validity of a legal document or signature.
    The notary public will authenticate the contract before it is filed.
  2. (v.) To verify the identity of a person in legal or official contexts.
    The witness was asked to authenticate her identity before testifying.

Forms

  • authenticates
  • authenticating
  • authenticated

Commentary

In legal drafting, 'authenticate' often refers specifically to evidentiary validation of documents or identities. Precise procedural context clarifies its application.


Authenticating Seal

/ɔːˈθɛntɪˌkeɪtɪŋ siːl/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A seal affixed to a document to verify its authenticity and origin.
    The authenticating seal on the contract confirmed it was issued by the authorized official.

Forms

  • authenticating seal

Commentary

An authenticating seal serves as a formal symbol verifying the genuineness of a document, often required in legal or official documents to ensure enforceability and trustworthiness.


Authentication

/ɔːˌθɛntɪˈkeɪʃən/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The process of verifying the identity of a person or entity, especially in legal or digital contexts, to ensure legitimacy.
    The court required authentication of the digital signature before accepting the evidence.
  2. (n.) The act of establishing the validity or genuineness of a document or record for legal purposes.
    Authentication of the contract was necessary to confirm its enforceability.

Commentary

In legal contexts, authentication emphasizes confirming authority or legitimacy, distinct from authorization which involves granting rights.


Authentication of Documents

/ˌɔːˌθɛntɪkˈeɪʃən ʌv ˈdɒkjʊmənts/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The process of verifying the genuineness of a document, ensuring it is legally valid and trustworthy.
    The lawyer requested the authentication of documents before proceeding with the contract.

Commentary

Authentication of documents is often required to establish evidentiary reliability, and varies by jurisdiction; it is distinct from mere notarization, which involves witnessing signatures rather than verifying content authenticity.


Authenticator

/ˈɔːθənˌteɪkətɚ/

Definitions

  1. (n.) An entity or device that verifies the identity of a person or system, particularly in digital security or identity verification contexts.
    The authenticator confirmed her identity before granting access to the secure database.
  2. (n.) A person authorized to certify the authenticity of a document or signature in legal proceedings.
    The authenticator signed the affidavit to verify its legitimacy.

Forms

  • authenticators

Commentary

In legal drafting, clearly distinguish between authenticators as persons certifying documents and as devices or methods used in digital security contexts to avoid ambiguity.


Authenticity

/ˌɔːˈθentɪsɪti/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The quality of being genuine or verifiable in legal documents or evidence.
    The authenticity of the will was confirmed by handwriting experts.
  2. (n.) The condition of a document or signature being valid and legally binding as an original.
    The court questioned the authenticity of the contract due to forged signatures.

Commentary

Authenticity is crucial to establish the admissibility and reliability of documents and evidence in legal proceedings.


Author

/ˈɔːθər/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A person who creates a written work or document.
    The author of the contract included a clause on confidentiality.
  2. (n.) The original creator of a legal document or statute.
    The author of the statute intended to limit liability in these cases.

Forms

  • authors
  • authors'

Commentary

In legal contexts, author commonly refers to the originator of documents or laws, distinct from generic literary use.


Authorisation

/ˌɔːθəraɪˈzeɪʃən/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The legal act of granting official permission or power to carry out a particular act or function.
    The company sought authorisation from the regulatory body before launching the new product.
  2. (n.) A formal sanction by a competent authority, often required for compliance with law or policy.
    The construction project cannot proceed without the necessary authorisation from the city council.

Forms

  • authorisations

Commentary

In legal drafting, distinguish authorisation from consent or approval to clarify scope and source of authority.


Authoritarianism

/ˌɔːθɒˈrɪtɛːrɪənɪz(ə)m/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A political system or practice characterized by concentrated power in a single authority, with limited political freedoms and often enforced compliance.
    The government's authoritarianism led to widespread restrictions on free speech.
  2. (n.) The legal doctrine or practice supporting absolute obedience to authority, often at the expense of individual rights.
    The court debated the limits of authoritarianism in administrative law.

Commentary

In legal contexts, authoritarianism often contrasts with liberal democratic principles, emphasizing centralized control over the rule of law and individual liberties.


Authoritas

/ɔːˈθɒrɪtæs/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The legal power or right to enforce rules, give orders, or make decisions within a jurisdiction.
    The court exercised its authoritas in issuing the ruling.
  2. (n.) The recognized legitimacy or influence held by a person or institution in a legal context.
    The lawyer gained authoritas through years of respected practice.

Forms

  • authoritas

Commentary

Used in Roman law and legal theory to denote recognized power or legitimacy; distinct from physical force or imperium.


Authority

/əˈθɔːrɪti/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The legal power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience.
    The court has the authority to issue injunctions.
  2. (n.) A governmental or official body empowered to enforce laws and administer justice.
    The regulatory authority oversees compliance with safety standards.
  3. (n.) A source of credible legal power, such as a statute, precedent, or regulation, cited as justification in legal arguments.
    The lawyer cited binding authority to support her motion.

Commentary

In drafting, clarify whether 'authority' refers to legal power, institutional body, or cited source to avoid ambiguity.


Authorization

/ˌɔːθəraɪˈzeɪʃən/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The legal process or act of granting official permission or power to perform a specific act or duty.
    The agent acted within the scope of her authorization when signing the contract.
  2. (n.) A formal approval from an authority to proceed with a legal or administrative action.
    The project could not commence without the necessary government authorization.

Commentary

Authorization often implies a prior approval that legally empowers an individual or entity to act, distinguishing it from consent, which may be more passive.


Authorization Act

/ˌɔːθəraɪˈzeɪʃən ækt/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A statute enacted by a legislative body that grants legal authority or approval to a government official, agency, or program to take certain actions.
    The Authorization Act approved the new funding for environmental protection programs.

Forms

  • authorization act
  • authorization acts

Commentary

Authorization Acts often specify scope and limits of delegated governmental powers and should be distinct from appropriation acts which allocate funding.


Authorization Bill

/ˌɔːθəraɪˈzeɪʃən bɪl/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A legislative proposal authorizing government expenditures or granting official permission for specific actions, often related to budget or spending.
    The legislature passed an authorization bill to fund the new infrastructure project.

Forms

  • authorization bill
  • authorization bills

Commentary

Authorization bills primarily grant permission or authority, distinct from appropriation bills which allot specific funds; drafters should clearly define scope and limits of authority granted.


Authorization for Use of Military Force

/ˌɔːθəˌraɪˌzeɪʃən fɔːr juːs ʌv ˈmɪlɪtɛri fɔrs/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A Congressional resolution authorizing the president to use military force without a formal declaration of war.
    The Authorization for Use of Military Force enabled the president to respond swiftly to terrorist threats.

Forms

  • authorization for use of military force

Commentary

Often invoked to provide legal basis for military actions post-9/11; drafters should ensure clarity on scope and duration to prevent broad interpretations.


Authorization Hold

/ˌɔːθəraɪˈzeɪʃən hoʊld/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A temporary hold placed by a merchant or payment processor on a cardholder's available credit or funds to ensure payment for a pending transaction.
    The hotel placed an authorization hold on my credit card for the deposit amount before check-in.

Forms

  • authorization hold
  • authorization holds

Commentary

Authorization holds are provisional and reduce available credit but do not constitute completed charges; clarity in agreements can prevent disputes over timing and release of holds.


Authorization Letter

/ˌɔːθəraɪˈzeɪʃən ˈlɛtər/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A written document granting authority to an individual to act on another's behalf in legal or business matters.
    She provided an authorization letter to her attorney to manage her property affairs.

Forms

  • authorization letter
  • authorization letters

Commentary

Authorization letters are often used for delegating limited powers without creating a full power of attorney, making precise scope and duration essential in drafting.


Authorize

/ˈɔːθəraɪz/

Definitions

  1. (v.) To give legal power or official permission to act or carry out a specific action.
    The company authorized the manager to sign contracts on its behalf.
  2. (v.) To approve or sanction a transaction, expenditure, or access under law or policy.
    The court authorized the funds to be released to the plaintiff.

Forms

  • authorizes
  • authorized
  • authorizing

Commentary

In legal drafting, clearly specifying the scope of authorization is crucial to avoid ambiguity about the agent's powers.


Authorized Capital

/ˈɔːθəˌraɪzd ˈkæpɪtl/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The maximum amount of share capital that a company is authorized by its constitutional documents to issue to shareholders.
    The company increased its authorized capital to accommodate new investors.

Forms

  • authorized capital

Commentary

Authorized capital sets the upper limit on capital issuance; actual issued capital may be less and requires formal amendment to increase.


Authorized Distributor

/ˈɔːθəraɪzd dɪˈstrɪbjətər/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A person or entity granted legal permission to distribute a company's products within a specified territory or market under agreed terms.
    The authorized distributor signed a contract to sell the software exclusively in Europe.

Forms

  • authorized distributor

Commentary

Use this term specifically to denote legally sanctioned distribution rights; clarify territorial and contractual scope in agreements.


Authorized Expense

/ˈɔːθəˌraɪzd ɪkˈspɛns/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A cost or disbursement legally permitted or approved for payment under a contract, statute, or policy.
    The contractor submitted invoices only for authorized expenses as outlined in the agreement.

Forms

  • authorized expense
  • authorized expenses

Commentary

An authorized expense is distinguished from unauthorized costs by formal approval or legal authorization, which is critical for reimbursement and compliance in contracts and financial regulations.


Authorized Payment

/ˈɔːθəˌraɪzd ˈpeɪmənt/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A payment approved or permitted by an authority or contract, fulfilling legal or contractual obligations.
    The company made an authorized payment to the contractor as stipulated in the service agreement.

Forms

  • authorized payment
  • authorized payments

Commentary

Commonly used in contexts involving contracts, banking, and regulatory compliance where formal approval is necessary before funds are disbursed.


Authorized Representative

/ˈɔːθəˌraɪzd ˌrɛprɪˈzɛntətɪv/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A person or entity legally empowered to act on behalf of another in specified matters.
    The authorized representative signed the contract on behalf of the corporation.
  2. (n.) An agent permitted by law or agreement to represent and bind a principal in dealings with third parties.
    Only an authorized representative can negotiate terms with the client.

Forms

  • authorized representative
  • authorized representatives

Commentary

Usage often requires clear documentation of the scope of authority granted to avoid disputes over the representative's power.


Authorized Share Capital

/ˈɔːθəraɪzd ʃɛər ˈkæpɪtl/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The maximum amount of share capital that a company is legally authorized to issue to shareholders as specified in its constitutional documents.
    The company's authorized share capital is set out in its articles of incorporation.

Forms

  • authorized share capital

Commentary

Authorized share capital defines the upper limit on equity financing a company may raise and must be distinguished from issued share capital, which represents shares actually allocated to shareholders.


Authorized Shares

/ˈɔːθəˌraɪzd ʃɛərz/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The maximum number of shares a corporation is legally permitted to issue as specified in its articles of incorporation.
    The company increased its authorized shares to raise additional capital.

Forms

  • authorized shares
  • authorized share

Commentary

Authorized shares set a legal limit on issuance and require formal amendment to increase; often confused with issued shares.


Authorized Substances

/ˈɔːθəraɪzd ˈsʌbstənsɪz/

Definitions

  1. (n.) Chemical or material substances approved by law or regulation for certain uses or handling.
    The laboratory may only use authorized substances during testing.

Forms

  • authorized substances
  • authorized substance

Commentary

This term often appears in regulatory and compliance contexts; ensure precise reference to applicable statutes or lists when drafting contracts or policies.


Authorship

/ˈɔːθərʃɪp/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The state or fact of being the creator of a written work or intellectual property, establishing legal rights to the work.
    Proof of authorship is essential to assert copyright ownership.
  2. (n.) The attribution of a work to a particular author, relevant in disputes over intellectual property rights.
    The lawsuit questioned the authorship of the disputed manuscript.

Commentary

Authorship is key in copyright law for establishing ownership and moral rights; clarity in contracts should specify authorship rights and attribution.


Authorship Attribution

/ˈɔːθərʃɪp əˌtrɪbjʊˈteɪʃən/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The process of determining the author of a legal document or text through linguistic, stylistic, or forensic analysis.
    The court relied on authorship attribution techniques to verify the origin of the contested will.

Commentary

Authorship attribution in legal contexts often supports authenticity and authorship disputes, requiring interdisciplinary expertise in linguistics and forensics.


Autocracy

/ˈɔː.tə.krə.si/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A form of government in which absolute power is concentrated in a single ruler or authority, without effective constitutional limitations.
    The nation's shift to autocracy led to the suspension of democratic processes.

Commentary

In legal contexts, autocracy contrasts with constitutional or democratic governance, emphasizing the absence of legal restraints on the ruler's power.


Autocrat

/ˈɔːtəˌkræt/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A ruler with absolute, unrestricted authority, often in a legal or governmental context.
    The autocrat imposed new laws without legislative approval.

Forms

  • autocrats

Commentary

In legal contexts, 'autocrat' denotes a single person wielding supreme legal power usually without constitutional limitations.


Autocratic

/ˌɔːtəˈkrætɪk/

Definitions

  1. (adj.) Relating to a system of government or organizational rule by a single person with absolute power, often without regard for legal restraints or democratic processes.
    The corporation was criticized for its autocratic leadership style that ignored shareholders' input.

Commentary

Use 'autocratic' to emphasize centralized power and absence of checks or balances in legal governance contexts.


Autodialer

/ˈɔː.təʊˌdaɪ.lər/

Definitions

  1. (n.) An electronic device or software that automatically dials telephone numbers, often used in telemarketing or debt collection, subject to regulation under telecommunication laws such as the Telephone Consumer Protection Act (TCPA).
    The use of an autodialer without consent can lead to hefty fines under the TCPA.

Forms

  • autodialer
  • autodialers

Commentary

When drafting contracts or compliance policies, clearly define what constitutes an autodialer to ensure coverage under telecommunication laws.


Autodialer Restrictions

/ˌɔːtəʊˈdaɪlər rɪˈstrɪkʃənz/

Definitions

  1. (n.) Legal limits imposed on the use of autodialing technology to prevent unsolicited or intrusive communications, especially telemarketing calls.
    The company faced penalties for violating autodialer restrictions under the Telephone Consumer Protection Act.

Forms

  • autodialer restrictions
  • autodialer restriction

Commentary

Autodialer restrictions primarily arise from statutory and regulatory frameworks governing telemarketing and consumer privacy to curb unwanted automated calls.


Autograph

/ˈɔːtəɡræf/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A person's signature, especially that of a notable figure, used to authenticate a document.
    The contract bore the autograph of the CEO, confirming its validity.

Forms

  • autographs

Commentary

In legal contexts, an autograph is particularly significant when verifying the authenticity of signed documents; ensure clarity whether referring to signatures in general or autographs as collectibles.


Automated Calling Devices

Definitions

  1. (n. pl.) Devices or systems that automatically dial telephone numbers and deliver prerecorded messages or connect the call to a live operator, often regulated under telecommunications and consumer protection laws.
    The use of automated calling devices to make telemarketing calls without consent is prohibited under the TCPA.

Forms

  • automated calling devices
  • automated calling device

Commentary

In legal drafting, specify whether the regulation targets all automated calling devices or only those used for telemarketing or unsolicited calls.


Automated Clearing House

/ˈɔːtəˌmeɪtɪd ˈklɪərɪŋ haʊs/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A network used for electronically transferring funds between banks to execute payments such as direct deposits and bill payments.
    The company processed its payroll through the automated clearing house system.

Forms

  • automated clearing house
  • automated clearing houses

Commentary

The term specifically denotes a computerized network facilitating batch processing of financial transactions, commonly used in U.S. banking law and payment systems. Legal documents should clearly specify the role of the Automated Clearing House in payment instructions to avoid ambiguity.


Automated Decision-Making

/ˈɔːtəˌmeɪtɪd dɪˈsɪʒən ˈmeɪkɪŋ/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The process by which decisions are made by computer algorithms or systems with little or no human involvement, often used in contexts like data protection, employment, credit scoring, and legal compliance.
    The GDPR imposes restrictions on automated decision-making to protect individuals' rights.

Forms

  • automated decision-making

Commentary

Legal frameworks often emphasize transparency and rights protection in automated decision-making, especially under data protection laws like the GDPR.


Automated Document Generation

/ˈɔːtəˌmeɪtɪd ˈdɒkjʊmənt dʒɛnəˈreɪʃən/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The use of software systems to create legal documents automatically based on predefined templates and data inputs.
    The law firm invested in automated document generation to streamline contract drafting.

Forms

  • automated document generation

Commentary

Automated document generation improves accuracy and efficiency in legal document production but requires careful template drafting to avoid errors.



Automated Teller Machine

/ˌɔːtəˈmeɪtɪd ˈtɛlər məˌʃiːn/

Definitions

  1. (n.) An electronic banking device that allows customers to perform financial transactions without direct interaction with bank staff.
    She withdrew cash from the automated teller machine outside the bank.

Forms

  • automated teller machine
  • automated teller machines

Commentary

In legal contexts, the term often appears in banking regulations and consumer protection laws concerning access, security, and liability for electronic transactions.


Automated Trading

/ˈɔːtəˌmeɪtɪd ˈtreɪdɪŋ/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The use of computer algorithms to execute financial market trades automatically without human intervention.
    Regulators have increased scrutiny on automated trading systems to prevent market manipulation.

Forms

  • automated trading

Commentary

Automated trading is legally significant due to concerns about transparency, fairness, and systemic risk; contracts and compliance documents often address related liabilities explicitly.


Automated Trading System

/ˈɔːtəˌmeɪtɪd ˈtreɪdɪŋ ˈsɪstəm/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A computerized platform that automatically executes financial securities trades based on pre-programmed algorithms and rules without human intervention.
    The regulatory framework mandates transparency for transactions executed through automated trading systems.

Forms

  • automated trading system
  • automated trading systems

Commentary

In legal contexts, emphasis is placed on regulatory compliance, risk controls, and transparency obligations due to the autonomous nature of the system.


Automatic

/ɔːˈtɒmətɪk/

Definitions

  1. (adj.) Occurring by operation of law or preset conditions without human intervention.
    The contract includes an automatic renewal clause.
  2. (adj.) Relating to devices or processes functioning independently or by self-regulation.
    The automatic locking system activates when the door closes.

Commentary

In legal drafting, 'automatic' often qualifies provisions triggered without further action, emphasizing immediacy and lack of discretion.


Automatic Calling System

/ˌɔːtəˈmætɪk ˈkɔːlɪŋ ˈsɪstəm/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A telecommunication system that automatically dials telephone numbers to deliver prerecorded messages or connect calls without human intervention, often regulated to prevent spam or unauthorized calls.
    The company was fined for using an automatic calling system to make unsolicited marketing calls.

Forms

  • automatic calling system
  • automatic calling systems

Commentary

In legal drafting, specify compliance requirements applicable to automatic calling systems to avoid regulatory penalties, particularly under laws like the Telephone Consumer Protection Act.


Automatic Clearing House

/ˌɔːtəˈmætɪk ˈklɪərɪŋ ˌhaʊs/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A network used for electronically transferring funds between banks for payments such as direct deposits and bill payments.
    The employer used the Automatic Clearing House to deposit employees' salaries directly into their bank accounts.

Forms

  • automatic clearing house
  • automatic clearing houses

Commentary

Typically capitalized and abbreviated as ACH, the term refers to an established interbank system widely used in the U.S. for batch processing of electronic payments; care should be taken to distinguish it from other payment networks in legal drafting.


Automatic Dialing System

/ˌɔːtəˈmætɪk ˈdaɪəlɪŋ ˈsɪstəm/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A device or software that automatically dials telephone numbers to establish calls without manual intervention, often used in telemarketing and regulatory contexts.
    The company was fined for using an automatic dialing system to contact consumers without prior consent.

Forms

  • automatic dialing system
  • automatic dialing systems

Commentary

Legally, the term often appears in statutes governing telemarketing and consumer protection; precise regulatory definitions may vary by jurisdiction.


Automatic Illegality

/ˌɔː.təˈmæt.ɪk ɪˌliː.ɡəlˈɪ.ti/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A legal doctrine asserting that certain practices are inherently illegal without need for detailed analysis of their effects or intentions.
    The court ruled the price-fixing agreement void due to automatic illegality.

Commentary

Automatic illegality applies primarily in antitrust contexts where acts like price fixing are deemed illegal regardless of their actual market impact.


Automatic Renewal

/ˌɔːtəˈmætɪk rɪˈnuːəl/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A contractual provision whereby the agreement renews automatically after the initial term unless one party gives notice to terminate.
    The subscription included an automatic renewal clause that extended the service annually unless canceled.

Commentary

Automatic renewal clauses require clear disclosure to comply with consumer protection laws and avoid disputes over unintended contract extensions.


Automatic Stay

/ˌɔːtəˈmætɪk steɪ/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A court order halting all collection efforts and legal actions against a debtor following the filing of a bankruptcy petition.
    The automatic stay went into effect immediately upon the bankruptcy filing, stopping creditor calls.

Commentary

The automatic stay is a fundamental protection in bankruptcy law preventing creditor harassment during insolvency proceedings.


Automatic Telephone Dialing System

/ˌɔː.təˈmæt.ɪk ˈtɛl.ɪ.fəʊn ˈdaɪ.əl.ɪŋ ˈsɪs.təm/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A device or software that automatically dials telephone numbers without human intervention, often used in telemarketing or automated messaging.
    The company was fined for using an automatic telephone dialing system without prior consent from the recipients.

Forms

  • automatic telephone dialing system

Commentary

Term is frequently used in regulatory contexts, especially under laws like the TCPA; precise definition matters for compliance and legal liability.


Automatic Termination

/ˌɔːtəˈmætɪk ˌtɜːrmɪˈneɪʃən/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A clause or legal mechanism by which a contract, agreement, or legal status ends automatically upon the occurrence of a specified event or after a certain period without further action by the parties.
    The lease included an automatic termination clause effective after twelve months.
  2. (n.) The involuntary ending of legal rights, privileges, or legal status due to the happening of specified conditions, such as death or insolvency, without need for judicial intervention.
    Automatic termination of the power of attorney occurred upon the principal's death.

Forms

  • automatic terminations

Commentary

Automatic termination clauses are commonly used to provide certainty and avoid disputes by clearly defining when obligations or rights end without requiring further action.


Automatically

/ˌɔːtəˈmætɪkli/

Definitions

  1. (adv.) By operation of law or rule, occurring without manual intervention or explicit decision.
    The court's jurisdiction was automatically triggered upon filing the complaint.

Commentary

In legal contexts, 'automatically' often describes effects or processes that happen by virtue of law or contract terms without the need for further action.


Automation

/ˌɔːtəˈmeɪʃən/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The use of technology to perform legal or administrative tasks without human intervention.
    The automation of contract review has increased efficiency in law firms.
  2. (n.) The process of implementing systems that administer legal processes such as document generation or case management automatically.
    Automation in court case management reduces processing time and errors.

Commentary

In legal contexts, automation often refers to applying technology to streamline and standardize tasks traditionally done manually, improving accuracy and efficiency.


Automatism

/ˌɔːtəˈmætɪzəm/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A defense in criminal law where conduct is involuntary due to an external factor, negating the voluntariness element required for culpability.
    The defendant claimed automatism, arguing that a sudden spasm caused the assault without conscious control.
  2. (n.) In contract law, the automatic performance or fulfillment of obligations without further action by the parties, often by operation of law or pre-set conditions.
    The contract included an automatism clause triggering payment upon delivery.

Commentary

Automatism is critical to distinguishing voluntary acts from involuntary ones in criminal liability; clarity in pleading this defense is essential as it negates the actus reus.


Automobile

/ˌɔː.təˈmoʊ.bɪl/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A self-propelled vehicle designed for transporting people on roads, subject to regulations under motor vehicle laws.
    The driver was cited for driving an automobile without a valid license.

Forms

  • automobiles

Commentary

In legal contexts, 'automobile' generally refers to passenger vehicles regulated by traffic and safety laws, distinct from commercial trucks or motorcycles.


Automobile Insurance

/ˈɔːtəməbiːl ɪnˈʃʊərəns/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A contract between an individual and an insurance company that provides financial protection against losses arising from automobile accidents or damages.
    She renewed her automobile insurance policy to cover any potential accident-related expenses.
  2. (n.) The mandatory or voluntary risk coverage required by law or contract to operate a motor vehicle legally.
    Most states require automobile insurance as a legal prerequisite for vehicle registration.

Forms

  • automobile insurances

Commentary

Automobile insurance policies vary by jurisdiction and often include specific coverage types; drafters should specify coverage scope clearly.


Automotive

/ˌɔːtəˈmoʊtɪv/

Definitions

  1. (adj.) Relating to motor vehicles or their design, manufacture, or operation, as considered in regulatory or commercial contexts.
    The automotive industry must comply with safety regulations set by the government.

Commentary

In legal contexts, 'automotive' commonly pertains to regulations, industry standards, and liability issues involving motor vehicles.


Autonomous

/ɔːˈtɒnəməs/

Definitions

  1. (adj.) Having the independence and right of self-governance within a legal or political framework.
    The autonomous region enacted its own laws separate from the central government.
  2. (adj.) Acting independently without control by another entity, especially in legal decision-making or organizational contexts.
    An autonomous agency can make regulations without direct governmental intervention.

Commentary

Often used in constitutional and administrative law to describe entities with legally recognized self-rule; clarity on the scope of autonomy is important in drafting to avoid jurisdictional conflicts.


Autonomous Funding

/ˈɔːtənəməs ˈfʌndɪŋ/

Definitions

  1. (n.) Funding that is provided or controlled independently of external authority, enabling self-governance in allocation and use.
    The nonprofit secured autonomous funding to maintain its operational independence.

Forms

  • autonomous funding

Commentary

Autonomous funding is often emphasized in legal contexts concerning nonprofit organizations, government grants, or institutions striving to reduce external control over financial resources.


Autonomous Systems Law

/ɔːˈtɒnəməs ˈsɪstəmz lɔː/

Definitions

  1. (n.) Branch of law addressing legal frameworks, liability, and regulation for autonomous systems such as AI, drones, and self-driving vehicles.
    The autonomous systems law mandates safety standards for driverless cars.

Forms

  • autonomous systems law

Commentary

Often intersects with technology, tort, and regulatory law; key to clarify liability and ethical frameworks for autonomous technologies.


Autonomously

/ɔːˈtɒnəməsli/

Definitions

  1. (adv.) In a manner characterized by independence or self-governance, especially in legal or organizational contexts.
    The corporation acted autonomously without seeking approval from its parent company.

Commentary

Used to describe actions or decisions made without external control or interference, often relevant in corporate, administrative, or international law contexts.


Autonomy

/ɔːˈtɒnəmi/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The legal principle that recognizes the right of an individual or entity to self-governance and independent decision-making free from external control.
    The principle of autonomy protects a patient's right to make their own medical decisions.
  2. (n.) The authority granted to a subordinate body or region to govern itself within the framework of a larger political entity.
    The statute granted autonomy to the local government to regulate education policies.

Commentary

Autonomy in legal contexts often intersects with concepts of consent and capacity, highlighting the emphasis on individual or regional self-rule within legal frameworks.


Autopsy

/ˈɔːtɒpsi/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A postmortem examination to determine cause of death or identify disease.
    The coroner ordered an autopsy to establish the cause of death.

Forms

  • autopsies

Commentary

In legal contexts, autopsies are crucial for evidence in criminal and civil cases involving death.


Autopsy Report

/ˈɔː.tɒp.si rɪˌpɔːrt/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A formal written document detailing the findings of a post-mortem examination, often used as evidence in legal investigations.
    The autopsy report confirmed the cause of death as homicide.

Forms

  • autopsy report
  • autopsy reports

Commentary

Autopsy reports are critical in legal proceedings to establish cause and manner of death, often informing criminal investigations and civil cases involving wrongful death.


Auxiliary

/ɔːɡˈzɪljəri/

Definitions

  1. (adj.) Providing supplemental or additional support, not primary, in a legal context.
    An auxiliary power of attorney grants limited legal authority.
  2. (n.) A person or entity furnishing support to the main party, such as auxiliary staff in a legal office.
    The court employed several auxiliaries to assist during the trial.

Forms

  • auxiliaries

Commentary

In legal drafting, 'auxiliary' often describes supplemental roles or authorities that are secondary but necessary to primary functions.


Auxiliary Aid

/ˈɔːɡzɪljəri eɪd/

Definitions

  1. (n.) Supportive service or device enabling individuals with disabilities to access services, facilities, or information under laws like the ADA.
    The court mandated the provision of auxiliary aids to ensure effective communication for the hearing-impaired plaintiff.

Forms

  • auxiliary aid
  • auxiliary aids

Commentary

Auxiliary aid is a key concept in disability law, particularly under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), denoting various services and devices that facilitate access and communication.


Auxiliary Force

/ˈɔːksɪlɪəri fɔːrs/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A supplementary military or police unit activated to support regular forces, often in emergency or wartime situations.
    The government deployed auxiliary forces to assist the national guard during the civil unrest.

Forms

  • auxiliary force
  • auxiliary forces

Commentary

Auxiliary forces typically operate under the authority of regular forces and legal frameworks governing national defense or internal security.


Auxiliary Military

/ˈɔːɡˌzɪljəri ˈmɪləˌtɛri/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A group or force serving to support the regular armed forces, often composed of part-time personnel or volunteers.
    The auxiliary military was called upon to assist in disaster relief operations.

Forms

  • auxiliary military
  • auxiliary militaries

Commentary

The term 'auxiliary military' typically denotes forces supplementary to regular armed forces, often with different legal status or obligations and may be governed by specific statutory provisions.


Auxiliary Verbs

/ˈɔːɡzɪljəri vɜːrbz/

Definitions

  1. (n.) Verbs used in legal drafting and statutory interpretation to express tense, mood, voice, or modality, assisting the main verb.
    The auxiliary verb 'shall' often indicates a mandatory obligation in contracts.

Commentary

In legal contexts, auxiliary verbs are critical in determining the binding nature, timing, or conditionality of obligations and rights.

Glossary – AU Terms