PU glossary terms

Browse full definitions for every PU term in the Amicus glossary.

Public

/ˈpʌblɪk/

Definitions

  1. (adj.) Pertaining to the community or state as a whole rather than to private individuals.
    Public property is owned by the government for the community's use.
  2. (n.) The people or population at large, collectively considered in relation to laws, policies, or actions.
    The government must consider the interests of the public when drafting legislation.
  3. (adj.) Made accessible or open to all, especially information or meetings.
    Court hearings are generally public to ensure transparency.

Commentary

The term 'public' is broadly used in legal contexts to distinguish between collective/state interests and those of private individuals; precision in usage is crucial to avoid ambiguity.


Public Access

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈæksɛs/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The legal right or ability of the general public to enter, use, or benefit from certain lands, buildings, documents, or information.
    The statute ensures public access to government records for transparency.
  2. (n.) The principle that the public should be allowed entry to government meetings, hearings, or proceedings.
    Public access to court hearings promotes fairness and accountability.

Commentary

Public access rights often vary by jurisdiction and context—such as access to land, information, or proceedings—and legal provisions frequently balance these rights against privacy or security concerns.


Public Accommodation

/ˈpʌblɪk əˌkɑːmɪˈdeɪʃən/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A facility or establishment offering goods, services, or accommodations to the public, often subject to anti-discrimination laws.
    The restaurant was classified as a public accommodation under federal law.
  2. (n.) Under civil rights statutes, an entity that must provide equal access regardless of race, religion, or disability.
    Hotels are considered public accommodations that cannot deny service based on disability.

Forms

  • public accommodation
  • public accommodations

Commentary

Legal definitions vary somewhat by jurisdiction; references to public accommodation typically arise in the context of anti-discrimination and accessibility law.


Public Accountability

/ˈpʌblɪk əˌkaʊntəˈbɪlɪti/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The obligation of public officials and entities to explain and justify their actions to the public and legislative bodies.
    Public accountability requires government agencies to be transparent about their spending.
  2. (n.) A principle ensuring that government powers are exercised in a manner subject to oversight and responsibility to the public.
    The concept of public accountability underpins the auditing of public funds.

Forms

  • public accountability

Commentary

In legal contexts, public accountability often implies procedural and substantive duties enforceable through various oversight mechanisms.


Public Administration

/ˈpʌblɪk əˌdmɪnɪˈstreɪʃən/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The management and implementation of government policies and programs by public agencies and officials.
    Public administration ensures effective delivery of public services.
  2. (n.) The academic discipline studying the organization, operations, and policies of government institutions.
    She studied public administration to prepare for a career in government.

Commentary

In legal contexts, public administration often intersects with administrative law, emphasizing the execution and regulation of government functions.


Public Agency

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈeɪdʒənsi/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A governmental or quasi-governmental body authorized to exercise public authority and perform public functions.
    The public agency was responsible for managing local transportation infrastructure.
  2. (n.) An entity created by statute to carry out specific governmental activities or services.
    The environmental protection public agency enforces pollution control regulations.

Forms

  • public agency
  • public agencies

Commentary

The term often appears in statutory and administrative law contexts; clarity may require specifying the jurisdiction or scope of authority.


Public Announcement

/ˈpʌblɪk əˌnaʊnsˈmɛnt/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A formal declaration made to the general public, often by governmental or official entities, to inform or notify legally relevant information.
    The regulatory agency issued a public announcement regarding the new compliance deadlines.
  2. (n.) A notice published to alert the public of legal proceedings, claims, or rights, such as in insolvency or claims against estates.
    The court required a public announcement to notify creditors of the bankruptcy filing.

Forms

  • public announcement
  • public announcements

Commentary

Public announcements must be clear and widely accessible to satisfy legal notice requirements.


Public Art

/ˈpʌblɪk ɑrt/

Definitions

  1. (n.) Artworks installed or performed in public spaces, often commissioned or regulated by government entities to enhance cultural or aesthetic value.
    The city funded public art to revitalize the downtown area.
  2. (n.) Creative works that may raise legal issues regarding intellectual property, moral rights, or public funding restrictions.
    Disputes arose over copyright ownership of the public art mural.

Commentary

Legal discussions of public art frequently involve issues of ownership, licensing, and government sponsorship; clarity in contracts is essential.


Public Assembly

/ˈpʌblɪk əˈsɛm.bli/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A gathering of people in a public place for a common purpose, often protected by law for free speech or assembly rights.
    The city issued a permit for the public assembly in the park.

Forms

  • public assemblies

Commentary

Legal definitions of public assembly often hinge on the purpose, location, and whether the gathering is peaceful; permits may be required depending on jurisdiction.


Public Asset

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈæsɛt/

Definitions

  1. (n.) Property or resources owned collectively by the government or community, held for public use or benefit.
    The park is a public asset maintained by the city for recreational purposes.
  2. (n.) Any item or resource that a government controls and uses to deliver public services or fulfill governmental functions.
    Water supply infrastructure is a crucial public asset for urban management.

Forms

  • public asset
  • public assets

Commentary

The term primarily denotes government-owned resources; distinguish it from private assets and common property held by individuals or groups.


Public Assistance

/ˈpʌblɪk əˈsɪstəns/

Definitions

  1. (n.) Governmental aid provided to individuals or families in financial need, including welfare, food stamps, or housing subsidies.
    She applied for public assistance after losing her job.

Commentary

Public assistance is often subject to eligibility criteria such as means testing and is distinct from insurance-based social security programs.


Public Assistance Agency

/ˈpʌblɪk əˈsɪstəns ˈeɪdʒənsi/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A government or authorized entity responsible for administering public welfare programs and distributing benefits to eligible individuals.
    The public assistance agency verified her eligibility for food stamps.
  2. (n.) An organization designated to determine and provide social services and financial aid under state and federal laws.
    Applications for Medicaid are typically processed through the local public assistance agency.

Forms

  • public assistance agency
  • public assistance agencies

Commentary

The term often refers to official bodies at local, state, or federal levels empowered by statute to manage assistance programs; specificity depends on statutory context.


Public Assistance Office

/ˈpʌblɪk əˈsɪstəns ˈɒfɪs/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A government agency or office responsible for administering welfare benefits and social services to eligible individuals and families.
    She visited the public assistance office to apply for unemployment benefits.

Forms

  • public assistance office
  • public assistance offices

Commentary

Often used in statutory and administrative contexts to denote the local or regional office handling public aid applications and distributions.


Public Auction

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈɔːkʃən/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A sale of goods or property conducted openly to the highest bidder, typically under legal supervision or regulation.
    The estate was liquidated through a public auction to satisfy creditors.

Forms

  • public auction

Commentary

Public auctions must adhere to legal standards ensuring transparency and fair opportunity to all bidders.


Public Authority

/ˈpʌblɪk əˈθɒrɪti/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A government entity or organization vested with legal powers to enforce laws, administer public policies, or provide public services.
    The public authority is responsible for ensuring compliance with environmental regulations.
  2. (n.) An entity or body exercising regulatory, administrative, or coercive powers granted by law at national, regional, or local level.
    Local public authorities oversee zoning and land use planning.

Forms

  • public authorities

Commentary

The term broadly encompasses various governmental and quasi-governmental bodies; context often clarifies the scope of authority involved.


Public Authority Defense

/ˈpʌblɪk ɔːˈθɒrɪti dɪˈfɛns/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A legal defense asserting that a defendant’s actions were authorized by a public official or government agency, shielding them from liability or criminal responsibility.
    The defendant invoked the public authority defense, claiming they acted under orders from a government official.

Forms

  • public authority defense

Commentary

This defense is distinct from justification in that it emphasizes authorization from a public entity rather than moral or legal permissibility.


Public Benefit

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈbɛnɪfɪt/

Definitions

  1. (n.) An advantage or welfare provided to the public or community recognized in law or policy as serving the collective good.
    The new park was established as a public benefit to improve community wellbeing.
  2. (n.) In nonprofit law, a requirement that an organization's activities serve the general public or a sufficient segment thereof to qualify for tax-exempt status.
    To maintain tax exemption, the charity must demonstrate a public benefit.

Forms

  • public benefit
  • public benefits

Commentary

The term often appears in statutory and regulatory contexts, particularly in nonprofit and administrative law, where establishing a 'public benefit' is critical for legal qualification or approval.


Public Benefits Law

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈbɛnəfɪts lɔː/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The body of law governing government-provided aid programs designed to assist individuals in need, including eligibility, administration, and enforcement.
    She specialized in public benefits law to help clients secure Medicaid and food assistance.

Forms

  • public benefits law

Commentary

Typically intersects with administrative and constitutional law; precise program names and eligibility criteria vary by jurisdiction.


Public Body

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈbɒdi/

Definitions

  1. (n.) An organization or entity established by statute or government authority to perform public functions or deliver public services.
    The public body is responsible for maintaining the city's parks and recreational facilities.

Forms

  • public bodies

Commentary

The term 'public body' broadly refers to any legally recognized entity acting in the public interest, often distinguished by its statutory origins and governmental functions.


Public Broadcaster

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈbrɔːdkæstər/

Definitions

  1. (n.) An entity, often government-funded or authorized by law, that transmits television or radio programs for the public benefit, prioritizing education, information, and cultural enrichment over commercial interests.
    The public broadcaster aired a special program on constitutional rights.

Forms

  • public broadcaster
  • public broadcasters

Commentary

The term typically implies legal mandates regarding impartiality, funding, and public accountability, which vary by jurisdiction.


Public Broadcasting

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈbrɔːdkɑːstɪŋ/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A system of broadcasting intended for public service rather than commercial profit, often funded and regulated by government to ensure educational and cultural content.
    The Public Broadcasting Service provides educational programs to millions of viewers.
  2. (n.) The legally regulated framework governing non-commercial broadcasting entities that serve the public interest, including compliance with content, funding, and operational standards.
    Regulations for public broadcasting require transparency in funding sources to maintain impartiality.

Forms

  • public broadcasting

Commentary

Public broadcasting often involves balancing government oversight with editorial independence, which is crucial in legal frameworks to prevent undue influence or censorship.


Public Budget

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈbʌdʒɪt/

Definitions

  1. (n.) An official statement outlining the anticipated revenues and expenditures of a government or public entity for a specific period.
    The city council approved the public budget for the upcoming fiscal year.
  2. (n.) A legal financial plan subject to governmental approval and oversight, reflecting policy priorities and resource allocation.
    Transparency in the public budget helps ensure accountability in government spending.

Forms

  • public budget
  • public budgets

Commentary

Public budgets must comply with statutory requirements and often involve legislative approval; precise drafting ensures clarity in allocation and restrictions.


Public Building

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈbɪldɪŋ/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A building owned, operated, or maintained by a government entity, used for public purposes such as offices, courts, or libraries.
    The city council convened in the public building downtown to discuss the new zoning laws.

Forms

  • public building
  • public buildings

Commentary

Public buildings are typically subject to specific regulations regarding access, maintenance, and use because they serve governmental functions and public interests.


Public Carrier

Definitions

  1. (n.) An entity engaged in the business of transporting goods or passengers indiscriminately for the public for compensation, subject to regulatory obligations.
    The public carrier must ensure safe and timely delivery of shipments under the contract of carriage.

Forms

  • public carrier
  • public carriers

Commentary

May be distinguished from common carrier by regulatory context; public carriers are generally subject to stricter duties due to offering services to the general public.


Public Charity

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈtʃærɪti/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A nonprofit organization recognized under law for serving public interests, typically eligible for tax-exempt status and allowed to receive tax-deductible contributions.
    The public charity funded numerous educational programs in the community.
  2. (n.) A legal classification distinguishing organizations that receive a substantial portion of their support from the general public or government, as opposed to private foundations.
    To maintain status as a public charity, the organization must meet the public support test annually.

Forms

  • public charity
  • public charities

Commentary

Public charity status impacts tax treatment and regulatory requirements; understanding distinctions from private foundations is crucial in nonprofit law.


Public Choice Theory

/ˈpʌblɪk ʧɔɪs ˈθɪəri/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The study of how public officials and voters make decisions, applying economic principles to political processes and government behavior.
    Public choice theory suggests that legislators act in their own self-interest rather than solely for the public good.

Forms

  • public choice theory

Commentary

Public choice theory provides a framework for analyzing political decision-making using economic tools, emphasizing incentives and self-interest in governance.


Public Comment

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈkɒment/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A statement, opinion, or feedback offered by an individual or group to a government agency or public body during designated periods of rulemaking or policy proposal.
    The agency received numerous public comments on the proposed environmental regulations.

Forms

  • public comment
  • public comments

Commentary

Public comments are critical in administrative law, enabling participatory democracy and transparency in government decision-making processes.


Public Comment Period

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈkɒmɛnt ˈpɪərɪəd/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A designated timeframe during which the public may submit feedback or opinions on proposed government actions, regulations, or policies.
    The agency opened a public comment period to gather opinions on the new environmental regulations.

Forms

  • public comment period
  • public comment periods

Commentary

Public comment periods are essential in administrative law to ensure transparency and public participation before finalizing government rules or decisions.


Public Communication

/ˈpʌblɪk kəˌmjuːnɪˈkeɪʃən/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The act or process of conveying information to the general public, often regulated by law to ensure accuracy, fairness, and protection of rights.
    The company was fined for misleading public communication about their product.
  2. (n.) In legal contexts, any statement, message, or declaration intended for or made accessible to the public that can have regulatory, evidentiary, or procedural relevance.
    Public communication during trials must avoid prejudicing the jury.

Forms

  • public communication

Commentary

Public communication in law emphasizes the intersection between free expression and regulatory limits, particularly where statements impact public order, rights, or legal proceedings.


Public Company

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈkʌmpəni/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A company whose shares are traded publicly on a stock exchange, subject to regulatory disclosure and reporting requirements.
    The public company filed its quarterly financial report with the securities regulator.

Forms

  • public companies

Commentary

The term emphasizes regulatory transparency and public trading; drafting should clarify jurisdiction-specific disclosure standards.


Public Consultation

/ˈpʌblɪk kɒnsʌlˈteɪʃən/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A process by which government bodies or organizations seek input from the public on policies, proposals, or regulations before final decisions are made.
    The agency held a public consultation to gather citizens’ views on the new environmental regulations.

Forms

  • public consultation

Commentary

Public consultation is fundamental in administrative law, ensuring transparency and democratic involvement before policy adoption.


Public Contract

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈkɒntrækt/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A legally binding agreement entered into by a government entity and a private party for the provision of goods, services, or construction projects.
    The city awarded a public contract to build the new bridge.

Forms

  • public contract
  • public contracts

Commentary

Public contracts often involve specific statutory and regulatory frameworks distinct from private contracts, requiring compliance with public procurement laws.


Public Corporation

/ˈpʌblɪk ˌkɔːrpəˈreɪʃən/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A corporation established by government authority to provide public services or execute public functions.
    The city formed a public corporation to manage its public transit system.
  2. (n.) A corporation whose shares are publicly traded and available to the general public.
    As a public corporation, the company must disclose its financial statements regularly.

Forms

  • public corporation
  • public corporations

Commentary

The term 'public corporation' can denote either a government-established entity or a publicly traded company; context typically clarifies the intended meaning.


Public Corruption

/ˈpʌblɪk kɚˈʌpʃən/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The abuse of public office or power by government officials for personal gain, typically involving bribery, kickbacks, or influence peddling.
    The senator was charged with public corruption after accepting bribes from contractors.

Forms

  • public corruption

Commentary

Public corruption is a broad term encompassing various illegal acts by government officials, often prosecuted under specific statutes; drafting should focus on elements of abuse of power and personal benefit.


Public Counsel

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈkaʊnsəl/

Definitions

  1. (n.) An attorney or law office appointed to represent indigent or public interests, often funded by government or nonprofit entities.
    The public counsel represented the tenant in the eviction proceeding.
  2. (n.) A government or nonprofit legal office providing legal representation and advocacy for the public or disadvantaged populations.
    The office of the public counsel filed a brief supporting consumer rights.

Forms

  • public counsel

Commentary

The term typically denotes a legal representative dedicated to serving public or underrepresented interests rather than private clients.


Public Debt

/ˈpʌblɪk dɛt/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The total amount of money that a government owes to creditors, often administered through bonds and securities.
    The country's rising public debt has raised concerns among international lenders.

Forms

  • public debt

Commentary

Public debt commonly refers to government obligations and includes both domestic and external borrowing; clarity is important when distinguishing it from private or corporate debts.


Public Decency

/ˈpʌblɪk dɪˈsɛnsi/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The legal standard regulating behavior to maintain societal morals and prevent public offense or disturbance.
    The defendant was charged with an offense for violating public decency by indecent exposure.

Commentary

Public decency laws vary by jurisdiction and often reflect prevailing community moral standards; drafters should specify conduct and context precisely to avoid vague enforcement.


Public Defender

/ˈpʌblɪk dɪˈfɛndər/

Definitions

  1. (n.) An attorney appointed by the government to represent indigent defendants in criminal cases.
    The public defender ensured the accused had legal representation during the trial.

Forms

  • public defender
  • public defenders

Commentary

Commonly employed to fulfill the constitutional right to counsel for defendants unable to afford private representation.


Public Defender Office

/ˈpʌblɪk dɪˈfɛndər ˈɒfɪs/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A government agency or office responsible for providing legal defense services to defendants unable to afford private counsel.
    The public defender office assigned an attorney to represent the indigent client.

Forms

  • public defender office
  • public defender offices

Commentary

The term specifically refers to the institutional body rather than individual defenders; ensure clarity when distinguishing office functions from individual roles.


Public Demonstration

/ˈpʌblɪk ˌdɛmənˈstreɪʃən/

Definitions

  1. (n.) An organized public gathering intended to express a collective opinion or protest, typically protected under constitutional rights of assembly and free speech.
    The group held a public demonstration to protest the new law.

Forms

  • public demonstration
  • public demonstrations

Commentary

Legal definitions often emphasize constitutional protections for public demonstrations, distinguishing lawful from unlawful gatherings.


Public Disclosure

/ˈpʌblɪk dɪsˈkloʊʒər/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The act of making information known to the general public, often by government or legal authorities, especially regarding matters of public interest or regulatory compliance.
    The company was fined for failure to ensure public disclosure of financial risks.
  2. (n.) In intellectual property law, the release of details about an invention or work to the public, which may affect its patentability or protection.
    Early public disclosure of the invention jeopardized the patent application.

Forms

  • public disclosure

Commentary

Public disclosure is a critical concept in both regulatory law and intellectual property, where timing and manner of disclosure can have significant legal consequences.


Public Disclosure of Private Facts

/ˈpʌblɪk dɪsˈkloʊʒər ʌv ˈpraɪvɪt fæks/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A tort wherein one publicly reveals truthful but private information about an individual that is not of public concern, causing offense or harm.
    The plaintiff sued for public disclosure of private facts after their medical records were published without consent.

Forms

  • public disclosure of private facts

Commentary

This tort requires public dissemination of private facts that are not legitimately of public interest; mere publication of truthful information does not suffice if it concerns a public matter.



Public Display

/ˈpʌblɪk dɪˈspleɪ/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The exhibition or presentation of something—such as goods, documents, or information—in a manner visible or accessible to the general public, often regulated to prevent obscenity or protect privacy.
    The company was fined for unauthorized public display of copyrighted material.

Commentary

The term typically appears in contexts concerning regulation of what materials may be shown openly to the public, often focusing on legal limits related to decency, privacy, or intellectual property.


Public Display Rights

/ˈpʌblɪk dɪsˈpleɪ raɪts/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The legal rights allowing a person or entity to publicly show or display copyrighted works, such as images or videos, without distributing copies.
    The museum secured the public display rights to exhibit the digital artworks on their website.

Forms

  • public display rights
  • public display right

Commentary

Public display rights are distinct from reproduction or distribution rights and often require specific licensing separate from other exclusive copyright rights.


Public Disturbance

/ˈpʌblɪk dɪsˈtɜːrbəns/

Definitions

  1. (n.) An act of behavior or event causing disruption or alarm in a public place, often punishable by law to preserve order.
    The defendant was charged with public disturbance for inciting a crowd to riot.

Forms

  • public disturbances

Commentary

Public disturbance often overlaps with offenses like breach of the peace and disorderly conduct; precise statutory definitions vary by jurisdiction.


Public Domain

/ˈpʌblɪk dəˈmeɪn/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The status of creative works or inventions not protected by intellectual property rights and thus freely available for public use.
    Once the patent expired, the invention entered the public domain and anyone could use it.
  2. (n.) Property interest in land or resources held by the government for public use rather than private ownership.
    The parkland is part of the public domain and cannot be sold to private individuals.

Commentary

The term applies primarily in intellectual property law but also in property law regarding government-owned land; clarity in context is essential.


Public Duty

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈdjuːti/

Definitions

  1. (n.) An obligation imposed by law on a public official or citizen to act for the benefit or protection of the public.
    The police officer has a public duty to enforce the law impartially.
  2. (n.) A principle in tort law asserting that public authorities owe a duty of care only to the public at large, not to individual citizens, barring special circumstances.
    The court held that a public duty does not generally give rise to liability for failure to act on an individual claim.

Forms

  • public duty

Commentary

The term distinguishes between general obligations owed to the community and specific legal duties owed to individuals; clarity in drafting is vital to establish whether a duty is public or a private legal duty.


Public Education

/ˈpʌblɪk ˌɛdʒʊˈkeɪʃən/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The system of education provided by government authorities, typically free and accessible to all children within a jurisdiction.
    Public education is mandated by state law to ensure equal access for all children.
  2. (n.) The legal framework and policies governing state-operated schooling institutions and their obligations to students.
    Legal disputes concerning funding for public education often involve constitutional analysis.

Forms

  • public education

Commentary

Public education is often framed within constitutional mandates and statutory regulations ensuring equal access; careful drafting should consider jurisdictional variations in governance and funding.


Public Education Law

/ˈpʌblɪk ˌɛdʒʊˈkeɪʃən lɔː/

Definitions

  1. (n.) Body of law governing the organization, administration, and regulation of publicly funded educational institutions.
    The public education law mandates equal access to schooling for all children in the state.
  2. (n.) Statutory provisions that establish standards for curriculum, teacher certification, and student rights in public schools.
    Under public education law, schools must adhere to state-approved curricula and testing standards.

Forms

  • public education law

Commentary

Public education law often intersects with constitutional mandates, especially equal protection and free speech issues, requiring careful statutory interpretation and policy application.


Public Emergency Funds

/ˈpʌblɪk ɪˈmɜːrdʒənsi fʌndz/

Definitions

  1. (n.) Funds allocated by a government or public authority for use in urgent situations that pose a threat to public safety, health, or welfare.
    The legislature approved additional public emergency funds to aid disaster relief efforts.

Forms

  • public emergency funds
  • public emergency fund

Commentary

Public emergency funds are typically established through legislation or budgetary provisions to ensure rapid financial response during crises; clarity on usage and replenishment is crucial in drafting such provisions.


Public Employment

/ˈpʌblɪk ɪmˈplɔɪmənt/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The occupation or hiring of individuals by governmental bodies at the federal, state, or local level to perform public duties.
    Public employment often requires adherence to specific civil service regulations.

Forms

  • public employment
  • public employments

Commentary

The term specifically distinguishes employment under government entities from private sector employment; legal discussions often focus on rights, duties, and regulations unique to public employees.


Public Enterprise

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈɛntərˌpraɪz/

Definitions

  1. (n.) An organization or business owned and operated by the government to provide public services or goods.
    The government established a public enterprise to manage the national railway system.

Forms

  • public enterprise
  • public enterprises

Commentary

Public enterprises operate under governmental control and often serve public policy objectives, differing from private sector businesses in accountability and funding.


Public Entity

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈɛntɪti/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A government or governmental subdivision, agency, or instrumentality that exercises public functions and powers.
    The public entity was liable for the damages caused by its negligence.

Forms

  • public entity
  • public entities

Commentary

In legal drafting, distinguishing public entities from private entities is crucial for jurisdiction, immunity, and liability issues.


Public Entity Liability

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈɛntəti laɪəˈbɪləti/

Definitions

  1. (n.) Legal responsibility of a government or public agency for torts or damages caused by its actions or omissions.
    The municipality faced public entity liability for failing to maintain safe sidewalks.

Forms

  • public entity liability
  • public entity liabilities

Commentary

Public entity liability often intersects with doctrines such as sovereign immunity, which may limit or bar claims against governmental bodies.


Public Event

/ˈpʌblɪk ɪˈvɛnt/

Definitions

  1. (n.) An occurrence or gathering accessible to the general public, often regulated by law to ensure public order and safety.
    The municipality required a permit before holding the public event in the park.
  2. (n.) A legally significant occurrence that triggers certain legal rights or duties, such as public notice or liability.
    The company’s bankruptcy declaration was treated as a public event affecting creditors' claims.

Forms

  • public events

Commentary

In legal drafting, distinguish between public events as social gatherings requiring permits and those occurrences triggering legal consequences.


Public Exhibition

/ˈpʌblɪk ɪɡˈzɪbɪʃən/

Definitions

  1. (n.) An event or display where artworks, documents, or other items are publicly shown for viewing.
    The museum hosted a public exhibition of Renaissance paintings.
  2. (n.) A legally regulated event in which goods or property are displayed to the public, often as a preliminary step to sale or auction.
    The public exhibition of the property documents ensured transparency before the auction.

Forms

  • public exhibition
  • public exhibitions

Commentary

In legal contexts, distinguish between general cultural/public displays and those governed by specific regulatory frameworks, such as licensing for exhibitions involving sale or sensitive materials.


Public Expenditure

/ˈpʌblɪk ɪkˈspɛndɪtʃər/

Definitions

  1. (n.) Funds disbursed by a government or public authority for public services and projects.
    The report analyzed the increase in public expenditure on healthcare over the past decade.

Forms

  • public expenditure

Commentary

Typically denotes government outlays subject to budgetary control; precision in scope is key when drafting statutes or financial regulations.


Public Facility

/ˈpʌblɪk fəˈsɪləti/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A facility owned, operated, or maintained by government or authorized for public use, providing services or infrastructure to the community.
    The courthouse is a public facility accessible to all residents.
  2. (n.) A site or venue designated for communal activities, subject to public laws and regulations governing safety and access.
    Public facilities must comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act.

Forms

  • public facility
  • public facilities

Commentary

The term often appears in statutes and regulations defining access rights, maintenance responsibilities, and funding criteria for government-owned or authorized venues.


Public Fiduciary Duty

/ˈpʌblɪk fɪˈdjuːʃɪˌɛri ˈdjuːti/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The legal obligation of a public official or entity to act in the best interest of the public in managing public resources or affairs.
    The public fiduciary duty requires government officials to prioritize public welfare over personal gain.

Forms

  • public fiduciary duty

Commentary

Public fiduciary duty is distinguished from private fiduciary duty by its focus on public interest and accountability in governmental or official capacities.


Public Finance

/ˈpʌblɪk faɪˈnæns/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The study and management of government revenues, expenditures, and debt to influence a country's economy and fulfill public policy objectives.
    The government’s approach to public finance includes taxation and budgeting strategies.

Commentary

Public finance is primarily conceptualized as a noun encompassing a broad range of government financial activities; legal texts often address its aspects under fiscal regulation and constitutional provisions.


Public Finance Law

/ˈpʌblɪk faɪˈnæns lɔː/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The body of law governing government revenue, expenditures, budgeting, and financial management.
    Public finance law regulates how tax revenues are collected and allocated through the state budget.

Forms

  • public finance law

Commentary

Public finance law often overlaps with tax and administrative law, focusing on the legal frameworks that enable government funding and expenditure controls.


Public Financial Management

/ˈpʌblɪk faɪˈnænʃəl ˈmænɪdʒmənt/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The processes and procedures used by governments to manage public resources, including budgeting, accounting, auditing, and expenditure control, ensuring accountability and efficient allocation.
    Effective public financial management is essential for good governance and fiscal discipline.

Forms

  • public financial management

Commentary

Often emphasized in legal frameworks governing government fiscal responsibilities and transparency.


Public Function

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈfʌŋkʃən/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A role or duty assigned by law or constitution to a governmental body or office.
    The public function of the health department includes regulating sanitation standards.
  2. (n.) An activity performed by a government entity that serves the community or public interest.
    Operating the public transportation system is a public function vested in the city authority.

Forms

  • public function
  • public functions

Commentary

The term emphasizes legally or constitutionally mandated roles, often involving exercise of sovereign power or provision of essential services to the public.


Public Function Doctrine

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈfʌŋkʃən dawˈtrɪn/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A legal principle establishing that certain powers and activities of the state are devoted to the public interest and cannot be appropriated for private use.
    The court relied on the public function doctrine to determine the government's responsibility in the case.

Forms

  • public function doctrine

Commentary

This doctrine is pivotal in delineating when private entities performing traditionally governmental roles are subject to constitutional constraints.


Public Fund

/ˈpʌblɪk fʌnd/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A sum of money or resources held by a government or public authority for public purposes.
    The city allocated public funds to improve local schools.
  2. (n.) Monies collected from taxpayers and managed by governmental entities.
    Public funds must be used in accordance with legal appropriations.

Forms

  • public fund
  • public funds

Commentary

Public fund typically denotes money under government control designated for official expenditures; drafting should specify governmental source and intended use.


Public Funding of Campaigns

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈfʌndɪŋ ʌv ˈkæmˌpeɪnz/

Definitions

  1. (n.) Governmental financial support provided to political candidates or parties to fund election campaigns.
    Public funding of campaigns aims to reduce candidates' dependence on private donors.
  2. (n.) A system designed to promote fairness and reduce corruption by allocating taxpayer money to qualified candidates or parties.
    Many jurisdictions have implemented public funding of campaigns to enhance electoral integrity.

Forms

  • public funding of campaigns

Commentary

Public funding of campaigns is often contrasted with private funding models and involves compliance with specific statutory rules to qualify for government funds.


Public Gathering Authorization

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈɡæðərɪŋ ˌɔːθərʌɪˈzeɪʃən/

Definitions

  1. (n.) An official permission issued by a competent authority allowing a group to hold a public meeting or assembly, typically to ensure public safety and order.
    The organizers obtained a public gathering authorization before hosting the demonstration downtown.

Forms

  • public gathering authorization

Commentary

This term is often used in statutory and regulatory contexts to regulate assemblies; drafting should specify issuing authority and conditions clearly to avoid ambiguity.


Public Good

/ˈpʌblɪk ɡʊd/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A resource or service available to all members of a society, which is non-excludable and non-rivalrous, such as clean air or national defense.
    The government provides public goods like street lighting to ensure safety for all citizens.

Forms

  • public good
  • public goods

Commentary

In legal contexts, the concept of a public good often informs regulatory and policy decisions regarding resource allocation and social welfare laws.


Public Governance

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈɡʌvərnəns/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The system, processes, and practices through which public institutions conduct public affairs, manage public resources, and guarantee the realization of public policy.
    Effective public governance requires transparency and accountability in government actions.

Forms

  • public governance

Commentary

Public governance often overlaps with public administration but focuses more on the frameworks and principles guiding public sector conduct rather than operational management.


Public Health

/ˈpʌblɪk hɛlθ/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The branch of law and policy concerned with protecting and improving the health of populations through government regulation, prevention, and health promotion.
    The public health regulations require vaccination to prevent disease outbreaks.

Commentary

Public health law uniquely intersects regulatory and preventive measures aimed at population health rather than individual medical treatment.


Public Health Agency

/ˈpʌblɪk hɛlθ ˈeɪdʒənsi/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A government or official body responsible for protecting and improving the public's health through regulations, services, and policy implementation.
    The public health agency issued new guidelines to control the spread of the disease.

Forms

  • public health agency
  • public health agencies

Commentary

Legal definitions of public health agencies often emphasize their regulatory and enforcement authority in matters of health and safety.


Public Health Authority

/ˈpʌblɪk hɛlθ ɔːˈθɒrɪti/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A governmental or statutory agency responsible for public health matters such as disease control, health regulations, and community health promotion.
    The public health authority issued guidelines to manage the outbreak.

Forms

  • public health authority
  • public health authorities

Commentary

Term typically denotes an official government body with delegated power to enforce health laws and regulations; important to distinguish from private health organizations.


Public Health Insurance

/ˈpʌblɪk hɛlθ ɪnˈʃʊərəns/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A government-sponsored program providing health insurance coverage to eligible individuals, typically funded through taxation or social contributions.
    Medicaid is a form of public health insurance that assists low-income families.
  2. (n.) Health insurance coverage mandated or regulated by public law to ensure access to health services.
    The Affordable Care Act expanded public health insurance options for millions.

Forms

  • public health insurance

Commentary

Public health insurance commonly implicates regulatory frameworks and eligibility criteria distinctive from private insurance, underscoring its legal governance and funding mechanisms.


Public Health Law

/ˈpʌblɪk hɛlθ lɔː/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The body of laws and regulations designed to protect and promote community health and well-being through disease prevention, health promotion, and control of health hazards.
    Public health law empowers authorities to implement quarantines to control contagious diseases.

Forms

  • public health laws

Commentary

Often intersects with administrative and constitutional law, requiring careful drafting to balance public safety and individual rights.


Public Health Order

/ˈpʌblɪk hɛlθ ˈɔrdər/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A legally binding directive issued by a government or health authority to protect or promote public health, often in response to a health emergency.
    The governor issued a public health order mandating mask usage in all indoor public spaces.

Forms

  • public health order
  • public health orders

Commentary

Public health orders are typically administrative or executive in nature and must align with statutory authority; precision in scope and duration is important to withstand legal scrutiny.


Public Health Policy

/ˈpʌblɪk hɛlθ ˈpɒlɪsi/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A set of legally or administratively mandated principles and strategies aimed at improving community health outcomes and regulating health-related matters.
    The government's public health policy mandates vaccination during epidemics.

Forms

  • public health policy
  • public health policies

Commentary

Public health policy often intersects with regulatory and administrative law, requiring precise language to balance public safety and individual rights.


Public Health Regulation

/ˈpʌblɪk hɛlθ ˌrɛɡjʊˈleɪʃən/

Definitions

  1. (n.) Legal provisions and authoritative measures enacted to protect and promote the health of the population.
    The government enforced new public health regulations to control the spread of infectious diseases.
  2. (n.) Regulatory framework governing sanitation, disease control, and health safety standards in communities.
    Public health regulation mandates regular inspections of food establishments to ensure compliance with hygiene standards.

Forms

  • public health regulation
  • public health regulations

Commentary

Public health regulation is often statutory and administrative, focusing on prevention and control to safeguard community health; drafters should ensure clarity in scope between state and federal authorities.


Public Health Service

/ˈpʌblɪk hɛlθ ˈsɜːrvɪs/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A federal agency in the United States responsible for public health, including administration of programs to protect and promote the nation's health.
    The Public Health Service played a vital role in controlling the epidemic.
  2. (n.) A governmental department or agency at the state or local level that manages health regulations and services to safeguard community health.
    The local public health service issued guidelines to prevent the spread of disease.

Forms

  • public health service
  • public health services

Commentary

The term often refers to the U.S. Public Health Service but can also encompass state or local health authorities; context clarifies scope.


Public Hearing

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈhɪərɪŋ/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A formal meeting held by a governmental or regulatory body to gather public input on proposed laws, policies, or projects.
    The city council held a public hearing to discuss the zoning changes.
  2. (n.) An official proceeding where evidence or opinions are presented openly before a decision is made.
    During the public hearing, residents expressed concerns about the new development.

Forms

  • public hearing
  • public hearings

Commentary

Public hearings ensure transparency and community participation in governmental decision-making; drafting notices for such hearings requires clear information on time, place, and subject matter.


Public Holiday

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈhɒlɪdeɪ/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A day designated by law or government on which normal business and work activities are suspended to observe a cultural, religious, or national event.
    Employees are entitled to paid leave on a public holiday.

Forms

  • public holidays

Commentary

The term typically appears in employment and labor law contexts to define non-working days established by statute or regulation.


Public House

/ˈpʌblɪk haʊs/

Definitions

  1. (n.) An establishment licensed to sell alcoholic beverages for consumption on the premises; commonly known as a pub.
    The defendant purchased alcohol at the public house.

Forms

  • public house
  • public houses

Commentary

In legal contexts, 'public house' often appears in licensing and regulatory statutes concerning sale and consumption of alcohol.


Public Indecency

/ˈpʌblɪk ɪnˈdɛsənsi/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The crime or offense of engaging in lewd or offensive acts in a public place, violating community standards of decency.
    He was arrested for public indecency after being seen exposing himself in the park.

Commentary

Public indecency laws often vary by jurisdiction and require a balancing of free expression against community standards; drafters should clearly define the acts prohibited and the scope of 'public' to avoid vagueness.


Public Information

/ˈpʌblɪk ˌɪnfərˈmeɪʃən/

Definitions

  1. (n.) Information held by government or public bodies accessible to the public by law or policy.
    The agency released the public information under the freedom of information act.
  2. (n.) Data or facts legally required to be disclosed to the public to ensure transparency and accountability.
    Financial disclosures are considered public information under securities law.

Forms

  • public information

Commentary

The term typically implies legal entitlement to access; drafters should specify scope and exceptions clearly.


Public Infrastructure

/ˈpʌblɪk ˌɪnfrəˈstrʌktʃər/

Definitions

  1. (n.) Facilities and systems owned or maintained by government or public authorities for public use, such as roads, bridges, utilities, and communications.
    The government allocated funds to improve public infrastructure to support economic growth.

Commentary

When drafting, distinguish "public infrastructure" from privately owned infrastructure by emphasizing governmental ownership or control.


Public Inquiry

/ˈpʌblɪk ɪnˈkwaɪəri/

Definitions

  1. (n.) An official investigation established by the government or a public authority to examine matters of public concern, often involving wide-ranging fact-finding and reporting.
    The government launched a public inquiry into the causes of the environmental disaster.

Forms

  • public inquiry
  • public inquiries

Commentary

Typically established to ensure transparency and accountability, public inquiries are non-judicial fact-finding processes and recommendations are usually advisory rather than legally binding.


Public Institution

/ˈpʌblɪk ˌɪnstɪˈtjuːʃən/

Definitions

  1. (n.) An organization established and maintained by government authority to provide public services or fulfill governmental functions.
    The city library, a public institution, offers free educational resources to all residents.

Forms

  • public institutions

Commentary

The term denotes entities created under public law distinct from private entities; clarity in identifying the source of authority (federal, state, local) enhances precision in legal drafting.


Public Integrity

/ˈpʌblɪk ɪnˈtɛɡrɪti/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The principle and practice of maintaining ethical standards and preventing corruption within public offices and government institutions.
    The commission was established to uphold public integrity by investigating allegations of bribery.
  2. (n.) The state of being honest and incorruptible in the conduct of public duties and functions.
    Public integrity is essential for maintaining citizens' trust in government.

Forms

  • public integrity

Commentary

Public integrity often serves as the foundation for laws and policies aimed at preventing misconduct and promoting transparency in public administration.


Public Interest

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈɪntrɪst/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A legal principle referring to the welfare or well-being of the general public, often guiding government action and judicial decisions.
    The court ruled that the regulation was justified in the public interest.
  2. (n.) An overriding societal concern that may limit private rights to protect collective good.
    Restrictions on property use were imposed to serve the public interest.

Forms

  • public interests

Commentary

The term is frequently invoked to justify regulations that serve broad societal benefits, though its scope can be context-dependent and sometimes contested in legal reasoning.


Public Interest Defense

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈɪntərɪst dɪˈfɛns/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A legal justification asserting that an act or omission, otherwise unlawful, is permissible because it serves the greater public good or societal benefit.
    The defendant claimed a public interest defense to justify the disclosure of confidential information.

Forms

  • public interest defense
  • public interest defenses

Commentary

Use with care to distinguish public interest defense from other affirmative defenses; often invoked in regulatory, disclosure, or whistleblower contexts.


Public Interest Group

/ˌpʌblɪk ˈɪntərɪst ɡruːp/

Definitions

  1. (n.) An organized entity advocating for causes believed to benefit the general public rather than private interests.
    The public interest group lobbied for stronger environmental regulations.

Forms

  • public interest group
  • public interest groups

Commentary

Public interest groups differ from private interest groups by focusing on broad societal benefits rather than narrow economic or sectional interests.


Public Interest Law

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈɪn.t(ə)r.ɪst lɔː/

Definitions

  1. (n.) Legal practice aimed at advancing issues affecting the public good or societal welfare rather than private interests.
    She specializes in public interest law to protect environmental rights.

Forms

  • public interest laws

Commentary

Public interest law often involves advocacy for underserved populations and may encompass a range of sectors including environmental, civil rights, and consumer protection law.


Public Interest Lawyer

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈɪntrəst ˈlɔːjər/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A lawyer who represents the interests of the public or disadvantaged groups, often working on cases involving social justice, civil rights, or environmental law, typically with nonprofit organizations or government agencies.
    The public interest lawyer took on the case to ensure fair housing practices were enforced.

Forms

  • public interest lawyer
  • public interest lawyers

Commentary

Public interest lawyers often balance advocacy with ethical considerations unique to representing broader societal interests rather than private clients.


Public Interest Litigation

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈɪntrɪst ˌlɪtɪˈɡeɪʃən/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A legal action initiated in a court of law for the protection of the public interest, often filed by individuals or groups on behalf of those whose rights are affected.
    The NGO filed a public interest litigation to challenge environmental pollution.

Forms

  • public interest litigation
  • public interest litigations

Commentary

Public Interest Litigation (PIL) is distinct in allowing individuals or groups to initiate lawsuits to protect rights of the public or marginalized communities, even if they are not directly affected, expanding access to justice.


Public International Law

/ˈpʌblɪk ˌɪntərˈnæʃənəl lɔː/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The body of law governing relations between sovereign states and international entities.
    Public international law regulates treaties and diplomatic relations among countries.

Forms

  • public international law

Commentary

Often distinguished from private international law, it deals primarily with state sovereignty, international agreements, and global governance.


Public Investment

/ˈpʌblɪk ɪnˈvɛstmənt/

Definitions

  1. (n.) Governmental allocation of funds to projects or assets intended to promote public welfare or economic development.
    The city's public investment in infrastructure boosted local employment rates.

Forms

  • public investment

Commentary

Public investment often involves legal considerations regarding budget appropriations, regulatory compliance, and public accountability.


Public Investment Fund

/ˈpʌblɪk ɪnˈvɛstmənt fʌnd/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A government-established fund that aggregates and allocates public capital to strategic sectors or projects to support national economic goals.
    The Public Investment Fund invested in new infrastructure projects to boost economic growth.

Forms

  • public investment fund
  • public investment funds

Commentary

Often established by national governments, such funds differ from private investment funds by their public policy objectives and funding sources.


Public Key

/ˈpʌblɪk kiː/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A cryptographic key that can be freely distributed and is used to encrypt data or verify a digital signature in asymmetric encryption systems.
    The public key is shared openly to enable secure communication.

Forms

  • public key
  • public keys

Commentary

In legal drafting, specify the use of 'public key' in contexts involving digital evidence or electronic contracts to clarify cryptographic roles.


Public Key Cryptography

/ˈpʌblɪk kiː krɪpˈtɒɡrəfi/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A cryptographic system using paired public and private keys to secure communication and verify identity, often employed in legal electronic signatures and data protection.
    Public key cryptography enables secure electronic contracts by ensuring data integrity and authenticity.

Forms

  • public key cryptography

Commentary

In legal contexts, public key cryptography underpins secure electronic transactions and authentication, essential for compliance with digital signature laws.


Public Key Infrastructure

/ˈpʌblɪk ki ˌɪnfrəˈstrʌktʃər/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A system of digital certificates, certification authorities, and other registration authorities that verify and authenticate the validity of each party involved in an electronic transaction by using public key cryptography.
    The company implemented a public key infrastructure to secure its online communications and verify user identities.

Forms

  • public key infrastructure
  • public key infrastructures

Commentary

PKI is foundational in cybersecurity law and digital identity frameworks, and clarity is essential when drafting policies involving electronic signatures and data protection.


Public Land

/ˈpʌblɪk lænd/

Definitions

  1. (n.) Land owned collectively by a government, held for public use or benefit, often subject to specific laws and regulations.
    The federal government manages large areas of public land for conservation and recreation.

Forms

  • public land

Commentary

Public land typically excludes private property and may involve specialized legal regimes regulating use, access, and conservation.


Public Law

/ˈpʌblɪk lɔː/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The branch of law that governs the relationship between individuals and the state, and the structure and operation of the government.
    Public law includes constitutional, administrative, and criminal law.

Commentary

Often contrasted with private law; primarily concerned with issues affecting society at large rather than individual disputes.


Public Law 280

/ˈpʌblɪk lɔ ˈtuː ˈeɪti/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A U.S. federal statute enacted in 1953 granting certain states jurisdiction over criminal and civil matters on Native American reservations.
    Public Law 280 allows states like California and Minnesota to exercise legal authority on specified tribal lands.

Forms

  • public law 280

Commentary

Public Law 280 uniquely alters the balance of jurisdiction between federal, state, and tribal authorities; drafters should clearly specify affected territories and types of jurisdiction.


Public Liability

/ˈpʌblɪk ˌlaɪˈbɪlɪti/

Definitions

  1. (n.) Legal responsibility of a person or entity for injuries or damages suffered by members of the public due to negligence or wrongful acts.
    The company faced public liability claims after an accident caused by a faulty product.

Forms

  • public liability

Commentary

Public liability commonly arises in contexts involving harm to non-contractual third parties and is often addressed through specific insurance policies covering such risks.


Public Liability Insurance

/ˈpʌblɪk laɪəˈbɪləti ɪnˈʃʊərəns/

Definitions

  1. (n.) Insurance that protects an individual or business against claims of injury or property damage caused to third parties during the course of business activities.
    The company purchased public liability insurance to cover potential claims from customers injured on its premises.

Forms

  • public liability insurance
  • public liability insurances

Commentary

Often essential for businesses, public liability insurance specifically covers claims by third parties for bodily injury or property damage but typically excludes employee injuries or contractual liabilities.


Public Limited Company

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈlɪmɪtɪd ˈkʌmpəni/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A type of company whose shares can be freely sold and traded to the public, typically subject to specific regulatory requirements.
    The Public Limited Company must disclose its financial statements to maintain transparency with shareholders.

Forms

  • public limited company
  • public limited companies

Commentary

In drafting, distinguish 'public limited company' from private variants by its ability to offer shares publicly and regulatory oversight.


Public Lottery

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈlɒtəri/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A government-sanctioned game or scheme in which participants buy tickets or chances to win prizes, with outcomes determined by chance, used primarily for raising public funds.
    The city council approved the establishment of a public lottery to fund educational programs.
  2. (n.) A lottery conducted by a governmental authority or public agency regulated by specific laws to ensure legality and fairness.
    The public lottery must comply with strict regulations to prevent fraud and misuse of proceeds.

Forms

  • public lottery
  • public lotteries

Commentary

Public lotteries are typically distinguished from private lotteries by regulatory oversight and their purpose of raising public revenue rather than private profit.


Public Media

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈmiːdiə/

Definitions

  1. (n.) Media outlets and platforms funded, controlled, or significantly regulated by the public sector to serve public interests, often ensuring accessibility, diversity, and noncommercial content.
    Public media plays a crucial role in providing unbiased news coverage to the community.

Forms

  • public media

Commentary

Public media is distinct from private media in its public accountability and regulatory framework; drafting definitions should highlight its legal basis and public interest mandate.


Public Meeting

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈmiːtɪŋ/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A gathering convened by a governmental body or authority to discuss public affairs, allowing community participation and transparency.
    The city council held a public meeting to deliberate the new zoning laws.
  2. (n.) A meeting required by law to be open to the general public to ensure accountability and access to decision-making processes.
    The statute mandates that all committee sessions must be public meetings, accessible to citizens.

Forms

  • public meeting
  • public meetings

Commentary

Legal definitions emphasize the requirement of openness and notice to the public, often governed by statutes known as 'sunshine laws.' Drafting should specify whether the public meeting is voluntary or mandated by law to ensure clarity.


Public Money

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈmʌni/

Definitions

  1. (n.) Funds or assets held by a government or public authority, typically derived from taxation or other state revenues, used for public expenditure.
    The government allocated public money to improve infrastructure.
  2. (n.) Money held in trust by a public official or institution, subject to legal regulation and accountability.
    The mismanagement of public money can lead to criminal charges.

Forms

  • public money

Commentary

Public money is strictly regulated due to its source and purpose; precise drafting should clarify whether reference is to funds collected, held, or disbursed by public entities.


Public Morality

/ˈpʌblɪk mɒˈræləti/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The set of moral standards and principles accepted and enforced by society, often reflected in laws, to maintain communal order and ethics.
    The legislation was crafted to uphold public morality by restricting obscene materials.

Commentary

Public morality frequently informs legislative and judicial decisions and varies with societal norms; drafters should clarify the scope when referencing this term.


Public Notice

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈnoʊtɪs/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A formal announcement made to the public to inform them of legal proceedings, regulatory actions, or other official matters requiring public awareness.
    The government issued a public notice regarding the upcoming zoning change.
  2. (n.) Notification required by law to be published or displayed to inform interested parties of legal rights, claims, or proceedings.
    The public notice of the foreclosure sale was published in the local newspaper.

Forms

  • public notices

Commentary

Public notices ensure transparency and due process by formally informing the community or affected individuals of legal or administrative actions. Drafting should clearly state the purpose, relevant dates, and parties involved.


Public Nuisance

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈnjuːsəns/

Definitions

  1. (n.) An act or condition that unlawfully interferes with the public's rights, health, safety, peace, or convenience.
    The factory's toxic emissions were declared a public nuisance by the court.
  2. (n.) A civil wrong or tort involving interference with a right common to the general public, allowing government or affected individuals to bring a lawsuit.
    Residents sued the municipality for public nuisance due to the persistent foul odors from the landfill.

Forms

  • public nuisances

Commentary

Public nuisance addresses interference with community-wide rights and typically permits government action, differing from private nuisance which protects individual interests.


Public Offering

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈɒfərɪŋ/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The sale of securities by a company to the general public, typically via stock exchanges, subject to regulatory approval and disclosure requirements.
    The company launched a public offering to raise capital for expansion.

Forms

  • public offerings

Commentary

Public offerings require compliance with securities laws and often involve detailed disclosure to protect investors.


Public Office

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈɒfɪs/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A position of authority or service involving duties to the public, usually within government.
    She was elected to a public office in the municipal government.
  2. (n.) The institution or place where public duties are performed.
    He held the public office for over a decade, influencing local policy.

Forms

  • public offices

Commentary

The term 'public office' covers both the role held and the institution; in legal drafting, clarity is essential to distinguish between the office as a position and as an institution.


Public Officer

/ˈpʌblɪk əˈfɪʃər/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A person holding a position of authority or trust in a government or public agency, empowered to perform official duties and exercise governmental powers.
    The public officer was responsible for issuing permits in accordance with statutory regulations.

Forms

  • public officers

Commentary

The term broadly covers any individual vested with official duties by government, regardless of rank. Usage may vary by jurisdiction, emphasizing the importance of statutory context when drafting or interpreting. Always verify the scope of authority conferred to the officer in question.


Public Official

/ˈpʌblɪk əˈfɪʃəl/

Definitions

  1. (n.) An individual holding a government position or office, empowered to exercise official authority or perform public duties.
    The public official was responsible for enforcing the new regulations.

Forms

  • public officials

Commentary

The term broadly covers elected and appointed persons in various branches of government; specificity may depend on jurisdiction.


Public Official Liability

/ˈpʌblɪk əˈfɪʃəl laɪəˈbɪləti/

Definitions

  1. (n.) Legal responsibility of a public official for acts performed in the course of official duties, potentially subjecting them to civil liability.
    The court ruled that the public official liability did not extend to actions outside the scope of employment.

Commentary

This term often arises in contexts involving claims against government officers for misconduct or negligence; immunity doctrines may limit such liability.


Public Opinion

/ˈpʌb.lɪk əˈpɪn.jən/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The collective attitudes and beliefs of the general populace regarding legal, political, and social matters.
    The court's decision was influenced by shifts in public opinion.

Commentary

Public opinion often shapes legislative developments and judicial interpretations, so its measurement and analysis are key in law-related social science.


Public Order

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈɔːrdər/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The condition of societal peace and security maintained by law, preventing disorder and unrest in public spaces.
    The police took action to restore public order after the demonstration became violent.
  2. (n.) A legal concept justifying certain restrictions or regulations on freedoms to preserve societal peace and safety.
    Restrictions on assembly may be imposed to protect public order under the law.

Commentary

Public order often serves as a legal justification for regulating behavior in public to prevent disturbances, balancing individual rights with collective security.


Public Order Law

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈɔːrdər lɔː/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The body of law regulating the maintenance of public peace and prevention of disorderly conduct in society.
    The city council enacted new public order laws to curb protests that might escalate into violence.

Forms

  • public order law
  • public order laws

Commentary

Public order law often overlaps with criminal law and administrative regulations; drafters should clearly define scope regarding permissible conduct and enforcement powers.


Public Order Maintenance

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈɔːrdər ˈmeɪntənəns/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The legal and administrative actions taken by authorities to preserve public peace and prevent disorderly conduct.
    The police increased their presence for effective public order maintenance during the protest.

Forms

  • public order maintenance

Commentary

Often involves balancing crowd control and civil liberties; statutes regulating it vary by jurisdiction.


Public Order Offence

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈɔːrdər əˈfɛns/

Definitions

  1. (n.) An offence involving disorderly conduct or acts disturbing public peace and safety, such as rioting, unlawful assembly, or public intoxication.
    The suspect was charged with a public order offence after inciting a crowd to violence.

Forms

  • public order offence
  • public order offences

Commentary

Public order offences often encompass a range of behaviors that threaten societal tranquility; statutes vary by jurisdiction, so definitions may differ slightly.


Public Order Offense

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈɔːrdər əˌfɛns/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A criminal act that disrupts public peace or safety, such as disorderly conduct, rioting, or unlawful assembly.
    The defendant was charged with a public order offense after the protest turned violent.

Forms

  • public order offenses

Commentary

Public order offenses address conduct that threatens societal tranquility, often balancing enforcement with protecting constitutional rights like free assembly.


Public Order Policing

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈɔːrdər ˈpəʊlisɪŋ/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The practice and strategies employed by law enforcement agencies to maintain public peace during events, protests, and gatherings.
    Public order policing requires careful balancing of individual rights and community safety.

Forms

  • public order policing

Commentary

Public order policing often involves specific tactical units and legal frameworks to address large-scale public disturbances while protecting constitutional rights.


Public Order Regulation

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈɔːrdər ˌrɛɡjʊˈleɪʃən/

Definitions

  1. (n.) Legal measures enacted to maintain public peace and prevent disorder in public spaces.
    The city council introduced a new public order regulation to manage large demonstrations.
  2. (n.) A statutory framework regulating assemblies, protests, and conduct in public to ensure security and safety.
    The public order regulation requires organizers to notify authorities of any planned protests in advance.

Forms

  • public order regulation
  • public order regulations

Commentary

Public order regulation often balances individual freedoms with community safety; drafters should clearly define scope and enforcement powers to avoid overreach.


Public Oversight

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈoʊvərˌsaɪt/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The legal authority or mechanism through which government bodies or institutions are monitored and held accountable by the public or designated agencies.
    Public oversight ensures that government officials adhere to ethical standards and legal obligations.
  2. (n.) The process by which financial, administrative, or regulatory activities of public entities are examined to prevent abuse, fraud, or mismanagement.
    The committee conducted public oversight of the municipal budget to prevent corruption.

Forms

  • public oversight

Commentary

Public oversight often entails both formal regulatory frameworks and informal mechanisms enabling citizen participation in governance.


Public Participation

/ˈpʌblɪk ˌpɑːrtɪsɪˈpeɪʃən/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The process by which individuals or groups engage in decision-making or policy formulation, especially in government or administrative contexts.
    Public participation is essential for transparent environmental policymaking.
  2. (n.) The legal or procedural mechanism allowing citizens to contribute to regulatory or legislative processes.
    The statute mandates public participation in zoning ordinance amendments.

Forms

  • public participation

Commentary

Public participation often enhances legitimacy and accountability in governance; drafting should specify the scope and stage of involvement required.


Public Pension

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈpɛnʃən/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A retirement fund established and maintained by a government entity to provide income to its employees after retirement.
    Many government workers rely on a public pension for financial security in retirement.

Forms

  • public pension
  • public pensions

Commentary

Public pensions are typically governed by specific statutes and may involve complex funding and governance rules unique to government actors.


Public Pension Fund

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈpɛnʃən fʌnd/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A government-established fund that accumulates, manages, and disburses retirement benefits for public sector employees.
    The state’s public pension fund ensures retired teachers receive their promised benefits.

Forms

  • public pension fund
  • public pension funds

Commentary

Public pension funds are subject to specific fiduciary duties and regulatory frameworks, distinct from private pension funds, making precise drafting important in legal contexts.


Public Performance

/ˈpʌblɪk pərˈfɔːrməns/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The act of presenting a protected work to the public by means such as live performance, broadcast, or streaming, triggering certain copyright rights.
    The concert was considered a public performance under copyright law, requiring proper licensing.
  2. (n.) An event or activity open to or intended for the public audience, often subject to regulatory oversight or licensing.
    The festival organizers obtained a permit for the public performance in the city park.

Forms

  • public performance
  • public performances

Commentary

In copyright contexts, "public performance" covers diverse modes of presenting works and usually entails exclusive rights; clear licensing is essential to avoid infringement.


Public Performance License

/ˈpʌblɪk pərˈfɔrməns ˈlaɪsəns/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A legal authorization permitting the public exhibition or performance of copyrighted works, such as music or drama.
    The venue obtained a public performance license to play copyrighted music at its events.

Forms

  • public performance license
  • public performance licenses

Commentary

A public performance license is critical in contexts involving broadcasts, live performances, or digital streaming to ensure copyright holders receive due compensation.


Public Performance Right

/ˈpʌblɪk pərˈfɔːrməns raɪt/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The exclusive legal right granted to copyright holders to perform, display, or play their copyrighted works publicly.
    The musician exercised her public performance right to control live broadcasts of her songs.

Forms

  • public performance right
  • public performance rights

Commentary

Typically held by copyright owners or licensors, this right is distinct from other rights such as reproduction and distribution rights, and often requires licensing for public uses like broadcasts or live shows.


Public Policy

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈpɒlɪsi/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A principle or standard established by a government or society to regulate conduct and promote the public good.
    The court refused to enforce the contract because it violated public policy.
  2. (n.) The aggregate of laws, regulations, and governmental actions reflecting societal interests and values.
    Public policy favors environmental protection through strict regulations.

Commentary

Used frequently in judicial decisions to justify invalidating agreements or actions that are harmful to societal welfare or offended societal norms.


Public Policy Defense

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈpɑːlɪsi dɪˈfɛns/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A legal doctrine that allows courts to refuse enforcement of contracts or agreements that violate established public policy or are harmful to society.
    The court invoked the public policy defense to invalidate the non-compete clause as it unfairly restricted trade.
  2. (n.) A defense asserted to prevent enforcement of a law or contract deemed contrary to the public interest or morals.
    The defendant raised a public policy defense arguing that the statute's enforcement would result in unjust harm.

Forms

  • public policy defense
  • public policy defenses

Commentary

Used primarily to challenge contracts or laws on grounds of societal welfare; the term covers both defense against contract enforcement and challenges to statutes conflicting with societal morals or interests.


Public Policy Exception

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈpɒlɪsi ɪkˈsɛpʃən/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A legal doctrine allowing courts to refuse enforcement of contracts, judgments, or laws that violate a jurisdiction's fundamental principles or interests.
    The court invoked the public policy exception to void the contract clause.
  2. (n.) An exception to the recognition or enforcement of foreign judgments or arbitration awards when such enforcement contradicts domestic public policy.
    The court denied enforcement of the foreign judgment under the public policy exception.

Forms

  • public policy exception
  • public policy exceptions

Commentary

Often invoked as a safeguard in contract and international law, the public policy exception balances respect for agreements and foreign decisions against core societal values.


Public Power

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈpaʊər/

Definitions

  1. (n.) Authority or power exercised by government entities for public purposes, typically involving regulation, provision of services, or governance.
    The city exercised its public power to regulate noise levels downtown.
  2. (n.) Electricity or energy supplied by governmental or municipal entities rather than private companies.
    The town's public power utility offers lower rates than private providers.

Forms

  • public power

Commentary

The term covers both governmental authority broadly and specific references to government-operated utilities; context clarifies which meaning applies.


Public Prison

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈprɪzən/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A correctional facility operated by government authorities for the confinement of individuals convicted of crimes.
    The inmate was transferred to a public prison after sentencing.

Forms

  • public prison
  • public prisons

Commentary

The term emphasizes government ownership and management, as opposed to privately run prisons.


Public Proclamation

/ˈpʌblɪk ˌprɒkləˈmeɪʃən/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A formal announcement made by an authority to inform the public of a legal matter or official decision.
    The city issued a public proclamation declaring the new holiday official.
  2. (n.) A legally recognized notification published to ensure public awareness of laws, edicts, or governmental actions.
    The public proclamation of the new zoning laws was required by the municipal code.

Forms

  • public proclamation
  • public proclamations

Commentary

Public proclamations often serve as official legal notices and must meet specific publication requirements to be effective.


Public Procurement

/ˈpʌblɪk prəˈkjʊərmənt/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The process by which governments and public sector organizations acquire goods, services, or works from external providers under regulated procedures.
    Public procurement regulations aim to ensure transparency and fairness in awarding government contracts.

Forms

  • public procurement

Commentary

Public procurement often involves compliance with specific statutory frameworks designed to prevent corruption and promote competition.


Public Property

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈprɑːpərti/

Definitions

  1. (n.) Property owned collectively by the government for use by the public or for public purposes.
    The park is considered public property and is accessible to everyone.
  2. (n.) Property that is accessible or open to the general public rather than private individuals or entities.
    The public property includes sidewalks and municipal buildings.

Forms

  • public property

Commentary

The term usually refers to government-owned assets meant for communal use or enjoyment; drafting should clarify the nature of ownership and usage rights.


Public Property Law

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈprɒpərti lɔː/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The body of law governing ownership, use, and regulation of property held by the government for public use and benefit.
    Public property law regulates the management of parks and government buildings.

Forms

  • public property law

Commentary

Focuses on legal rules distinct from private property, emphasizing state ownership and public benefit.


Public Prosecution

/ˈpʌblɪk prɒˈsɪkjuːʃən/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The process by which a government authority institutes legal proceedings against an individual accused of a crime.
    The public prosecution presented evidence to prove the defendant's guilt.
  2. (n.) The office or function of prosecuting criminal cases on behalf of the state, typically carried out by a public prosecutor or district attorney.
    She works in the public prosecution, handling serious felony cases.

Forms

  • public prosecution

Commentary

Used to refer both to the act of prosecuting a crime and the institution or office responsible for such prosecution.


Public Prosecutor

/ˈpʌblɪk prəˈsɪkjʊtər/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A legal officer who represents the state in prosecuting criminal cases.
    The public prosecutor presented the evidence against the defendant.

Forms

  • public prosecutors

Commentary

The term often varies by jurisdiction—e.g., 'district attorney' in the U.S., 'crown prosecutor' in commonwealth countries—but generally refers to the government lawyer initiating criminal proceedings.


Public Protest

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈproʊtɛst/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A legally recognized assembly or demonstration by members of the public expressing dissent or advocacy regarding governmental or societal issues.
    The citizens organized a public protest to demand environmental reforms.

Forms

  • public protest
  • public protests

Commentary

When drafting documents referencing public protests, distinguish clearly between lawful demonstrations and unlawful assemblies to avoid ambiguity in legal responsibilities.


Public Purpose

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈpɜːrpəs/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A legally sanctioned justification for government actions or expenditures aimed at benefiting the community as a whole rather than private individuals.
    The city's acquisition of land was justified by the public purpose of building a new park.
  2. (n.) The criterion used in eminent domain law to determine whether property seizure serves community welfare rather than private interest.
    The court held that constructing a highway meets the public purpose requirement under eminent domain statutes.

Forms

  • public purpose

Commentary

Public purpose is a critical concept in property and administrative law, often influencing the legality of government actions and just compensation requirements.


Public Recognition

/ˈpʌblɪk ˌrɛkəgˈnɪʃən/

Definitions

  1. (n.) Official acknowledgment or endorsement by a public authority, often in the context of rights, status, or achievements.
    The company sought public recognition of its environmental compliance.
  2. (n.) Legal acknowledgment of a fact or status in a way that is accessible or known to the public, affecting legal rights or obligations.
    The public recognition of the contract ensured its enforceability against third parties.

Forms

  • public recognition

Commentary

Public recognition in legal contexts often implies a formal or official act that confers status or confirms facts, which may impact enforceability, publicity requirements, or rights.


Public Record

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈrɛkərd/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A document or entry officially recorded by a government or authorized public body, accessible for public inspection and evidencing facts or legal rights.
    The deed is a public record that verifies property ownership.
  2. (n.) Information or data that is required to be maintained and made available by law for transparency, such as court records, vital records, or legislative records.
    Criminal convictions are often part of the public record.

Forms

  • public records

Commentary

A public record must generally be maintained and accessible according to jurisdictional laws; clarity on the scope of 'public' and 'record' can aid precise drafting.


Public Reit

/ˈpʌblɪk ˌriːt/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT) that is publicly traded on a stock exchange, providing investors with shares representing ownership in income-producing real estate.
    Investors often prefer a public REIT for its liquidity and regulatory transparency.

Forms

  • public reit
  • public reits

Commentary

Public REITs are subject to Securities and Exchange Commission regulations and must comply with ongoing disclosure requirements, distinguishing them from private or non-traded REITs.


Public Relations

/ˈpʌblɪk rɪˈleɪʃənz/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The practice of managing and disseminating information from an organization to the public to influence perception and maintain a favorable image, often relevant in legal contexts involving corporate communication and compliance.
    The company hired a specialist in public relations to handle crisis communication during the lawsuit.

Commentary

In legal contexts, public relations often intersects with compliance and regulatory communication. Precision in messaging is crucial to avoid misleading statements or legal liability.


Public Relations Strategy

/ˈpʌblɪk rɪˈleɪʃənz ˈstrætəʤi/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A planned approach used by legal entities to manage communication and enhance reputation with the public and stakeholders.
    The law firm devised a public relations strategy to mitigate negative press following the lawsuit.

Forms

  • public relations strategy
  • public relations strategies

Commentary

In legal contexts, a public relations strategy must align with ethical standards and avoid prejudicing legal proceedings.


Public Resource Allocation

/ˈpʌblɪk rɪˈzɔrs ˌæləˈkeɪʃən/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The process by which government or public authorities distribute resources such as funds, services, or access to meet public needs and policy objectives.
    Public resource allocation must be conducted transparently to ensure equitable access.

Forms

  • public resource allocation

Commentary

In legal contexts, public resource allocation often involves statutory or regulatory frameworks guiding fair distribution and accountability to prevent misappropriation or discrimination.


Public Resources

/ˈpʌblɪk rɪˈzɔːrsɪz/

Definitions

  1. (n.) Assets or supplies owned collectively by the community and managed by the government for public use or benefit, including natural, financial, or informational resources.
    The government allocated additional funds to maintain public resources such as parks and libraries.

Forms

  • public resources

Commentary

Typically refers to resources managed by government entities accessible for public use; precise scope may vary by jurisdiction and statute.


Public Revenue

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈrɛvənjuː/

Definitions

  1. (n.) Funds collected by governmental authorities from taxes, fees, fines, and other sources for public purposes.
    The public revenue increased significantly after the new tax policies were implemented.

Forms

  • public revenue

Commentary

Public revenue primarily refers to the income sources of the government, essential for budgeting and public expenditure; drafters should specify the source or type when clarity is needed.


Public Safety

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈseɪfti/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The condition of being protected from threats that could cause harm to the community's health, safety, and welfare, typically ensured by government measures.
    The city enacted new laws to enhance public safety in crowded areas.
  2. (n.) A governmental concern and responsibility to prevent accidents, injuries, and crimes affecting the populace at large.
    Public safety agencies coordinate emergency responses during natural disasters.

Commentary

Often used in statutes and regulations to justify lawful restrictions for community welfare; may encompass multiple disciplines including law enforcement, health, and emergency services.


Public Safety Administration

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈseɪfti ædmɪnɪˈstreɪʃən/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The branch of government or organizational function responsible for planning, oversight, and coordination of all activities related to maintaining public order and safety.
    The public safety administration implemented new policies to reduce urban crime rates.
  2. (n.) A field of study and practice focusing on the management and administration of agencies such as police, fire departments, emergency medical services, and disaster response units.
    She pursued a degree in public safety administration to improve emergency response systems.

Forms

  • public safety administration
  • public safety administrations

Commentary

This term covers both the governmental function and an academic/professional discipline; clarity in context distinguishes the intended meaning.


Public Safety Department

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈseɪfti dɪˌpɑrtmənt/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A governmental agency responsible for ensuring the safety and security of the public through law enforcement, emergency response, and related services.
    The Public Safety Department coordinated emergency relief efforts during the flood.

Forms

  • public safety department
  • public safety departments

Commentary

The term commonly refers to municipal or state agencies encompassing multiple public safety functions; definitions may vary by jurisdiction.


Public Safety Law

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈseɪfti lɔ/

Definitions

  1. (n.) Body of law encompassing statutes, regulations, and policies designed to protect the public from harm and ensure community safety.
    The city's public safety law mandates strict fire codes in all buildings.

Forms

  • public safety law
  • public safety laws

Commentary

Public safety law primarily governs preventative measures and responses to threats affecting the general population's security and well-being.


Public Safety Officer

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈseɪfti ˈɒfɪsər/

Definitions

  1. (n.) An individual employed by a governmental or authorized entity tasked with maintaining public order, enforcing laws, preventing crime, and providing emergency response services such as policing, firefighting, or emergency medical assistance.
    The public safety officer responded promptly to the emergency call.

Forms

  • public safety officer
  • public safety officers

Commentary

The term encompasses various roles across law enforcement, fire, and emergency medical services; precise definition may vary by jurisdiction and statute.


Public Safety Regulation

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈseɪfti ˌrɛɡjʊˈleɪʃən/

Definitions

  1. (n.) Legal rules and statutory measures aimed at protecting the public from risks and harms, typically enforced by government agencies.
    The new public safety regulation mandates stricter building codes to prevent fire hazards.
  2. (n.) A body of law encompassing policies directed at maintaining order and preventing threats to community well-being.
    Public safety regulation underlies many urban policing strategies.

Forms

  • public safety regulation
  • public safety regulations

Commentary

Often drafted with specificity to hazard type and enforcement authority; clarity and enforceability are key drafting considerations.


Public Sale

/ˈpʌblɪk seɪl/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A sale open to the general public, typically involving goods or property sold by auction or public notice.
    The property was sold at a public sale to the highest bidder.
  2. (n.) A legally mandated sale conducted by a governmental body or court to satisfy a debt or judgment.
    The foreclosure sale was conducted as a public sale to repay the mortgage lender.

Forms

  • public sales

Commentary

Public sales are characterized by openness and accessibility to any bidder, often governed by statutory or procedural rules to ensure transparency.


Public School

/ˈpʌblɪk skuːl/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A school maintained at public expense for the education of the general populace, often funded and controlled by government authorities.
    The public school must comply with state educational standards.
  2. (n.) In British law, a private independent secondary school, traditionally prestigious and often boarding, distinct from state-funded schools.
    He attended a renowned public school in England known for its rigorous curriculum.

Forms

  • public schools

Commentary

The term varies in meaning by jurisdiction; in U.S. law, it denotes government-funded schools, while in British legal context, it refers to certain elite private institutions.


Public Sector

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈsɛktər/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The part of the economy composed of government institutions and agencies that provide public services and enforce laws.
    The public sector is responsible for education, healthcare, and law enforcement.

Forms

  • public sector

Commentary

The term broadly covers entities funded by or operated under government control, distinct from private enterprises.


Public Sector Employment

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈsɛktər ɛmˈplɔɪmənt/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The condition or status of being employed by a government or its agencies in carrying out public functions.
    Public sector employment often includes jobs in education, law enforcement, and municipal administration.

Forms

  • public sector employment

Commentary

Focuses on legal and administrative aspects distinguishing public sector roles from private sector jobs; often governed by distinct statutes and regulations.


Public Security

/ˈpʌblɪk sɪˈkjʊərəti/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The condition or state of safety from threats to the community, maintained by government measures and law enforcement.
    The government enacted new policies to enhance public security in urban areas.

Forms

  • public security

Commentary

Public security often encompasses a broad range of protective activities, including policing, emergency services, and preventive measures to safeguard the general populace from crime, terrorism, and civil unrest.


Public Servant

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈsɜːrvənt/

Definitions

  1. (n.) An individual employed by a government or public authority who performs duties to serve the public interest.
    The public servant was responsible for implementing new health regulations.
  2. (n.) A person holding a public office or position authorized by law, typically subject to specific rules of conduct and accountability.
    Public servants must adhere to ethical standards and avoid conflicts of interest.

Forms

  • public servant
  • public servants

Commentary

The term carries connotations of legal accountability and public duty; drafting definitions should emphasize lawful authority and ethical obligations.


Public Service

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈsɜːrvɪs/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A service provided by the government or authorized entities for the benefit of the community and public welfare.
    Access to clean water is a fundamental public service provided by the municipality.
  2. (n.) Employment in governmental or public sector positions dedicated to serving the public interest.
    She chose a career in public service after graduating from law school.

Forms

  • public service
  • public services

Commentary

"Public service" encompasses both the actual services delivered to the public by government and the broader concept of working in roles dedicated to public welfare; clarity in contracts or statutes may require specifying which sense is intended.


Public Service Broadcasting

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈsɜːrvɪs ˈbrɔːdkæstɪŋ/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The provision of broadcast media services intended to inform, educate, and serve the public interest, often mandated or regulated by law to ensure universal access and impartiality.
    Public service broadcasting plays a key role in promoting informed citizenship and cultural diversity.

Forms

  • public service broadcasting

Commentary

Public service broadcasting is distinct from commercial broadcasting due to its legal mandates and funding mechanisms aimed at serving the public good rather than commercial interests.


Public Service Commission

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈsɜːrvɪs kəˈmɪʃən/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A government or statutory body responsible for regulating, overseeing, and managing public sector employment and services.
    The Public Service Commission approved new hiring policies for federal agencies.

Forms

  • public service commission
  • public service commissions

Commentary

The term often specifically denotes bodies with authority to enforce merit-based hiring and discipline within public employment; drafting should clarify jurisdiction and statutory basis.


Public Service Examination

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈsɜːrvɪs ɪgˌzæməˈneɪʃən/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A competitive examination conducted by a government agency to select candidates for civil service positions based on merit and qualifications.
    She passed the public service examination to become a government employee.

Forms

  • public service examination
  • public service examinations

Commentary

Often established by statute, these examinations aim to ensure impartial recruitment for public office, emphasizing merit over patronage.


Public Service Media

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈsɜːrvɪs ˈmiːdiə/

Definitions

  1. (n.) Media organizations or broadcasters mandated by law or charter to provide content in the public interest, typically financed by public funds or license fees, aimed at informing, educating, and entertaining the public without commercial bias.
    Public service media must maintain editorial independence while serving diverse audiences.

Forms

  • public service media

Commentary

Typically governed by statutory frameworks, public service media balance public accountability with operational independence; definitions may vary by jurisdiction.


Public Service Obligation

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈsɜːrvɪs ˌɒblɪˈɡeɪʃən/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A legal requirement imposed on a service provider, often in utilities or transport, to offer certain services to the public under specified conditions, despite potential commercial losses.
    The airline was granted subsidies to fulfill its public service obligation on remote routes.

Forms

  • public service obligation
  • public service obligations

Commentary

Usually applied in regulated industries; drafting should clearly specify scope, duration, and compensation mechanisms to ensure enforceability.


Public Statement

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈsteɪtmənt/

Definitions

  1. (n.) An official or formal declaration issued by a person, organization, or government accessible to the general public, often used to clarify legal positions or inform the public.
    The company's public statement clarified its liability in the contract dispute.
  2. (n.) A declaration made in a legal context intended to be part of the public record or to influence public opinion or judicial outcomes.
    The defendant's public statement was admitted as evidence during the trial.

Forms

  • public statement
  • public statements

Commentary

Public statements differ from private communications by their accessibility and intent to inform or influence the public or legal proceedings; precision in drafting enhances their evidentiary reliability.


Public Support Test

/ˈpʌblɪk səˈpɔrt tɛst/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A standard used by tax and nonprofit authorities to determine if an organization receives a substantial portion of its support from the general public, qualifying it for public charity status rather than private foundation status.
    The charity passed the public support test by proving that more than one-third of its funding came from donations and grants.

Forms

  • public support test

Commentary

The public support test is crucial for nonprofit classification under IRS rules, impacting tax treatment and reporting requirements.


Public Switched Telephone Network

/ˈpʌblɪk swɪʧt ˈtɛlɪˌfoʊn ˈnɛtwɜrk/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The global circuit-switched telephone network providing public voice communications, often regulated as a telecommunications utility.
    The call was routed through the public switched telephone network to ensure broad accessibility.

Forms

  • public switched telephone network
  • public switched telephone networks

Commentary

Typically considered a regulated infrastructure, the PSTN carries legal implications for access, privacy, and utility regulation.


Public Tendering

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈtɛndərɪŋ/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A formal procurement process where public sector entities invite bids for contracts to supply goods or services, ensuring transparency and equal opportunity.
    The municipality initiated public tendering to select the contractor for the new library.

Forms

  • public tendering

Commentary

Public tendering emphasizes adherence to legal norms of fairness and transparency in government contracting and is often governed by specific statutory frameworks.


Public Transport

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈtrænspɔːrt/

Definitions

  1. (n.) Facilities and systems of transportation available for general use, typically regulated by statutory or municipal law to ensure public accessibility and safety.
    The city enacted new regulations to improve public transport safety standards.
  2. (n.) Legal framework governing the operation, funding, and oversight of transit services provided to the public.
    The legislation outlines the responsibilities of authorities managing public transport services.

Forms

  • public transport
  • public transports

Commentary

In legal usage, "public transport" often implies regulated services subject to compliance obligations, distinguishing it from private or commercial transportation.


Public Treasury

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈtrɛʒəri/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The government office or fund responsible for managing public revenue and expenditures.
    The public treasury allocated funds for the infrastructure project.
  2. (n.) The aggregate of a state's financial resources derived from revenues like taxes and public loans.
    The stability of the public treasury affects national economic policies.

Forms

  • public treasury

Commentary

Typically refers both to the governmental body managing funds and to the funds themselves; usage varies by jurisdiction.


Public Trial

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈtraɪəl/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A judicial proceeding open for the public and press to attend, ensuring transparency and fairness in the administration of justice.
    The defendant was entitled to a public trial under the Sixth Amendment.

Forms

  • public trial
  • public trials

Commentary

The term underscores the principle that justice should be conducted openly to maintain public confidence, though certain exceptions (e.g., national security) may limit access.


Public Trust

/ˈpʌblɪk trʌst/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A principle holding that certain resources and institutions are preserved for public use and benefit, managed by the government as a trustee for the populace.
    The public trust doctrine requires the state to protect the shoreline for public access.
  2. (n.) A fiduciary relationship in which a government or institution holds property or power to benefit the public rather than private interests.
    The city acted under a public trust to maintain the parkland for community enjoyment.

Forms

  • public trust

Commentary

In legal drafting, specifying the scope of 'public trust' often involves clarifying which resources are covered and the nature of government obligations.


Public Trust Doctrine

/ˈpʌblɪk trʌst ˈdɒktrɪn/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A legal principle that holds certain natural resources and public assets are preserved for public use and cannot be privately owned or alienated.
    The public trust doctrine protects coastal waters and shorelines for public access and enjoyment.
  2. (n.) An underlying concept in environmental law mandating government stewardship of natural resources for present and future generations.
    Environmental advocates often invoke the public trust doctrine to challenge harmful development projects.

Commentary

This doctrine varies by jurisdiction but generally restricts private ownership of specified resources to ensure public benefit and access.


Public University

/ˈpʌblɪk ˌjuːnɪˈvɜːrsɪti/

Definitions

  1. (n.) An institution of higher education predominantly funded and operated by government bodies, providing accessible education often with a public service mandate.
    The state’s flagship public university offers reduced tuition rates for in-state residents.

Forms

  • public university
  • public universities

Commentary

The term emphasizes the public funding and governance aspect distinguishing these universities from private counterparts; legal status and funding statutes govern their operation.


Public Use

/ˈpʌblɪk juːs/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The use of private property by the public in a manner open, noticeable, and customary to the general public, often relevant in eminent domain cases.
    The court ruled that the road was for public use, allowing the government to claim eminent domain.
  2. (n.) A statutory or constitutional requirement that property taken under eminent domain must be used for a public purpose or benefit.
    The legislature imposed limits on public use to prevent abuses of eminent domain power.

Commentary

In legal contexts, 'public use' primarily arises in eminent domain law, where determining whether a taking qualifies as 'public use' impacts the validity of government acquisition of private property. Usage may extend to various statutory and constitutional provisions.


Public Utilities Commission

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈjuːtɪlɪtiz kəˈmɪʃən/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A government agency or regulatory body overseeing the establishment, operation, and rates of public utilities such as water, electricity, and telecommunications.
    The Public Utilities Commission approved the rate increase for electricity consumers.

Forms

  • public utilities commission
  • public utilities commissions

Commentary

Use the term to denote a formal regulatory body with authority over public utility services, often established by statute; ensure clarity whether referring to a specific commission or the concept generally.


Public Utilities Regulation

/ˈpʌblɪk juːˈtɪlɪtiz ˌrɛɡjʊˈleɪʃən/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The legal framework and administrative oversight governing the provision, operation, and rates of essential public services such as electricity, water, gas, and telecommunications.
    Public utilities regulation ensures that consumers receive reliable services at reasonable rates.

Forms

  • public utilities regulation

Commentary

Term typically refers to statutory and administrative law bodies regulating natural monopolies in sectors critical to public welfare.


Public Utility

/ˈpʌblɪk juːˈtɪləti/

Definitions

  1. (n.) An organization or service that provides essential services such as water, electricity, gas, or transportation to the public and is subject to government regulation.
    The city’s public utility ensures affordable electricity for all residents.

Forms

  • public utilities

Commentary

The term generally refers to entities considered essential to public welfare and thus often regulated to balance public and private interests.


Public Utility Commission

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈjuːtɪlɪti kəˈmɪʃən/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A government agency that regulates and oversees public utilities such as electricity, water, and telecommunications.
    The public utility commission approved the new rate increase for electricity providers.

Forms

  • public utility commission
  • public utility commissions

Commentary

The term typically refers to state-level bodies vested with authority to supervise and regulate services essential to the public, often requiring careful statutory interpretation of their jurisdiction and rulemaking powers.


Public Utility Obligation

/ˈpʌblɪk juːˈtɪləti ˌɒblɪˈɡeɪʃən/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A legal or regulatory duty imposed on a public utility to provide certain services to the public to ensure accessibility, affordability, and continuity.
    The electric company has a public utility obligation to supply power to all residents in the area, regardless of profitability.

Forms

  • public utility obligation
  • public utility obligations

Commentary

This term typically arises in regulated industries where utilities are granted monopolies but must fulfill mandated service duties to the public, balancing commercial interests and public welfare.


Public Utility Regulation

/ˈpʌblɪk juːˈtɪləti ˌrɛɡjʊˈleɪʃən/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The body of laws, rules, and policies governing services provided by essential public utilities such as water, electricity, and telecommunications.
    The state commission oversees public utility regulation to ensure fair rates and reliable service.

Forms

  • public utility regulation
  • public utility regulations

Commentary

Public utility regulation often balances consumer protection with utility companies' need to maintain infrastructure and profitability.


Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act

/ˈpʌblɪk juːˈtɪləti ˌrɛɡjʊˈlætəri ˈpɒlɪsiz ækt/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A 1978 U.S. federal law aimed at promoting energy conservation and encouraging renewable energy use by requiring utilities to implement certain regulatory policies.
    The Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act incentivizes utilities to adopt energy-efficient technologies.

Forms

  • public utility regulatory policies act
  • public utility regulatory policies acts

Commentary

Often cited as PURPA, this Act is crucial in shaping regulatory frameworks to promote alternative energy and energy efficiency in utilities.


Public Welfare

/ˈpʌblɪk ˈwɛlˌfɛər/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The general well-being of the public as a whole, often a basis for legal justifications and government actions.
    The regulation was enacted to protect the public welfare from environmental hazards.
  2. (n.) A legal principle that permits the government to enact laws and regulations that promote the common good and public health, safety, and morals.
    Zoning laws are justified under the state's police power to safeguard public welfare.

Forms

  • public welfare

Commentary

Public welfare is a foundational concept underpinning government regulation and police power; drafters should ensure measures clearly serve a legitimate public interest to withstand legal scrutiny.


Public Works

/ˈpʌblɪk wɜːrks/

Definitions

  1. (n.) Government-funded construction projects intended for public use and benefit, such as roads, bridges, and utilities.
    The city council approved a budget increase for public works to improve local infrastructure.
  2. (n.) The government department or agency responsible for administering such construction projects.
    The department of public works issued new regulations on contractor bidding processes.

Forms

  • public work

Commentary

The term encompasses both the physical projects and the administrative bodies managing them; legal references typically distinguish between the asset and the agency.


Public-Private Partnership

/ˌpʌblɪk-ˈpraɪvɪt ˈpɑːrtnərʃɪp/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A contractual arrangement between a government entity and a private sector party to finance, build, and operate projects serving the public interest.
    The city entered into a public-private partnership to construct a new transportation system.
  2. (n.) A collaboration framework where risks, responsibilities, and rewards are shared between public and private participants to deliver public infrastructure or services.
    Public-private partnerships are often used to efficiently manage large-scale infrastructure projects.

Forms

  • public-private partnerships

Commentary

Drafting clear terms on risk allocation and performance metrics is critical in public-private partnerships to avoid disputes.


Publication

/ˌpʌblɪˈkeɪʃən/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The act or process of making a document, information, or work publicly available, especially through print or electronic media.
    The publication of the contract was required to inform all parties.
  2. (n.) A legally recognized method of notifying the public or stakeholders, often used in the context of serving legal notices or fulfilling statutory disclosure requirements.
    The defendant's debt was discharged after publication of the bankruptcy notice in the official gazette.

Forms

  • publications

Commentary

In legal drafting, distinguish 'publication' as the act of publicizing from the physical document published; clarity is important when specifying which party is responsible for publication and its timing.


Publication Embargo

/ˌpʌblɪˈkeɪʃən ɛmˈbɑːrɡoʊ/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A legal or contractually imposed restriction delaying the public release of certain information or materials until a specified time or event.
    The newspaper agreed to honor the publication embargo until the court officially released the verdict.

Forms

  • publication embargoes

Commentary

Publication embargoes are common in legal settlements, media law, and regulatory disclosures; drafters should clearly specify the embargo terms and enforceability conditions.


Publicity

/pʌbˈlɪsɪti/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The state or condition of being made known to the public, especially in legal contexts such as trademark or real property to notify or inform third parties.
    The trademark registration requires sufficient publicity to warn others of the brand's protected status.
  2. (n.) The right of individuals to control the commercial use of their identity or persona under the right of publicity doctrine.
    The celebrity sued the company for unauthorized publicity using his image in advertisements.

Commentary

In legal drafting, distinguish between publicity as public notice and publicity as a personal right; the latter often pertains to unauthorized commercial exploitation of one's identity.


Publicity Rights

/ˈpʌblɪsɪti raɪts/

Definitions

  1. (n.) Legal rights allowing individuals to control commercial use of their name, image, or likeness.
    Actors often assert publicity rights to prevent unauthorized use of their images in advertisements.

Forms

  • publicity right

Commentary

Publicity rights primarily protect an individual's persona in a commercial context, distinct from privacy rights which protect against unauthorized personal information disclosure.


Publicly Traded Reit

/ˈpʌblɪkli ˈtreɪdɪd ˈɹiːɪt/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A real estate investment trust (REIT) whose shares are publicly traded on a stock exchange, allowing investors to buy and sell ownership interests in real estate portfolios.
    Investors often choose publicly traded REITs for their liquidity and diversified real estate exposure.

Forms

  • publicly traded reit
  • publicly traded reits

Commentary

Publicly traded REITs are subject to securities regulation and must comply with exchange listing standards, differentiating them from private or non-traded REITs.


Publish

/ˈpʌb.lɪʃ/

Definitions

  1. (v.) To issue or distribute a work, such as a document or legal notice, to the public or a designated audience, often to fulfill a legal requirement.
    The court ordered the company to publish the settlement notice in the local newspaper.
  2. (v.) To make a legal document officially known or enforceable by formally promulgating or recording it.
    The new law was published in the government gazette before taking effect.

Forms

  • publishes
  • published
  • publishing

Commentary

In legal contexts, 'publish' often connotes official or formal communication, distinct from general distribution, and may trigger statutory timeframes or obligations.


Publisher

/ˈpʌblɪʃər/

Definitions

  1. (n.) An entity that issues or distributes printed or digital matter, responsible for the content and dissemination of works such as books, periodicals, or software under copyright law.
    The publisher holds the copyright to the novel and controls its distribution.
  2. (n.) In legal contexts, a person or company liable for defamation or libel when disseminating defamatory material to third parties.
    The court ruled the publisher liable for the defamatory statements in the newspaper.

Forms

  • publishers

Commentary

In legal drafting, distinguish between a publisher as copyright holder and as a potential defamation defendant; context is critical.


Puffery

/ˈpʌfəri/

Definitions

  1. (n.) Exaggerated or extravagant statements in advertising or negotiations that are not meant to be taken literally or as factual representations.
    The court ruled that the salesman's claim was mere puffery and not actionable misrepresentation.

Commentary

Puffery is generally non-actionable because it involves subjective opinions or hyperbole rather than objective facts.


Pullman Abstention

/ˈpʊlmən əbˈstɛnʃən/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A federal court doctrine permitting abstention from deciding a federal constitutional issue to allow state courts to resolve uncertain issues of state law first.
    The court invoked Pullman abstention to pause the federal case until the state legislature clarified the relevant statute.

Forms

  • pullman abstention

Commentary

Use Pullman abstention to avoid unnecessary federal constitutional rulings when unresolved state law issues might dispose of the case, preserving comity between state and federal courts.


Pulseless Electrical Activity

/ˈpʌls.ləs ɪˈlɛk.trɪ.kəl ækˈtɪv.ɪ.ti/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A medical condition where the heart's electrical activity is present but fails to produce a palpable pulse, relevant in legal contexts involving determination of death or medical malpractice claims.
    The legal inquiry focused on whether timely diagnosis of pulseless electrical activity could have prevented the patient's death.

Forms

  • pulseless electrical activity

Commentary

Used primarily in medical-legal contexts to establish timing and cause of death or assess clinical negligence.


Punctilious

/ˌpʌŋk.tɪˈlɪ.əs/

Definitions

  1. (adj.) Showing great attention to detail or correct behavior, especially in compliance with legal or procedural formalities.
    The lawyer was punctilious in adhering to all filing deadlines to avoid sanctions.

Commentary

In legal contexts, being punctilious often implies rigorous adherence to procedural rules or ethical standards, which can impact the validity of legal actions or documents.


Punctiliously

/ˌpʌŋk.tɪˈlɪʃ.əs.li/

Definitions

  1. (adv.) In a manner showing great attention to detail or correct behavior, especially in legal or formal contexts.
    The lawyer punctiliously adhered to the procedural rules to avoid any grounds for appeal.

Commentary

Used to emphasize strict compliance with formal rules or customs, often significant in legal interpretation or procedural conduct.


Punctiliousness

/ˌpʌŋktɪˈlɪəsnəs/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The quality of being careful to observe all formalities and precise details, especially in legal procedure or contract drafting.
    The lawyer's punctiliousness in reviewing every clause ensured the contract's enforceability.

Commentary

In legal contexts, punctiliousness often connotes meticulous adherence to procedural rules or contractual terms to avoid disputes or invalidity.


Punctuation

/ˌpʌŋk.tʃuˈeɪ.ʃən/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The system of marks and signs used in writing to separate sentences and clarify meaning in legal texts.
    Proper punctuation in contracts helps prevent ambiguity.

Forms

  • punctuations

Commentary

In legal drafting, precise punctuation is critical to convey exact obligations and rights, reducing litigation risks due to ambiguity.


Punctuation Mark

/ˌpʌŋktʃuˈeɪʃən mɑːrk/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A symbol used in writing to separate sentences and their elements, clarify meaning, and indicate pauses or intonation, essential for clear legal drafting and interpretation.
    Proper use of punctuation marks in contracts helps avoid ambiguity.

Forms

  • punctuation mark
  • punctuation marks

Commentary

Accurate punctuation in legal texts is critical to maintain clarity and prevent misinterpretation.


Punish

/ˈpʌnɪʃ/

Definitions

  1. (v.) To impose a penalty or sanction on a person as retribution for a wrongdoing or legal violation.
    The court has the authority to punish offenders according to the law.

Forms

  • punishes
  • punished
  • punishing

Commentary

In legal contexts, 'punish' typically implies state-imposed sanctions following due process; drafting should distinguish between types of punishment such as fines, imprisonment, or other penalties.


Punishment

/ˈpʌnɪʃmənt/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The imposition of a penalty or sanction by an authority as retribution or deterrent for an offense.
    The court imposed a harsh punishment for the crime.
  2. (n.) A legal consequence such as imprisonment, fine, or community service awarded after conviction.
    The punishment for theft may include imprisonment or fines.

Forms

  • punishments

Commentary

In legal contexts, punishment specifically denotes penalties authorized by law following misconduct, distinguished from informal or social sanctions.


Punitive

/ˈpjuːnɪtɪv/

Definitions

  1. (adj.) Relating to punishment intended to penalize or deter wrongdoing, especially in law.
    The court imposed punitive damages to punish the defendant for gross negligence.

Commentary

Punitive typically modifies damages or sanctions designed not just to compensate but to punish or deter; used with care to distinguish from compensatory concepts.


Punitive Damages

/ˈpjʊnɪtɪv ˈdæmɪdʒɪz/

Definitions

  1. (n.) Monetary compensation awarded in a civil lawsuit to punish a defendant for egregious misconduct and to deter similar conduct.
    The court awarded punitive damages to the plaintiff due to the defendant’s malicious actions.

Commentary

Punitive damages are distinct from compensatory damages as they focus on punishment and deterrence rather than reimbursement of actual loss.


Punitive Measures

/ˈpjuːnɪtɪv ˈmɛʒərz/

Definitions

  1. (n.) Legal actions or penalties imposed to punish wrongdoing and deter future offenses.
    The court imposed punitive measures to ensure the defendant would not repeat the violation.

Forms

  • punitive measures
  • punitive measure

Commentary

Punitive measures are distinct from compensatory remedies as their primary aim is deterrence and punishment rather than compensation.


Punitive Statute

/ˈpjuːnɪtɪv ˈstætʃuːt/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A statute that imposes penalties, fines, or sanctions intended to punish wrongdoing rather than compensate a victim.
    The court applied a punitive statute to impose fines on the corporation for violating environmental laws.

Forms

  • punitive statute
  • punitive statutes

Commentary

Punitive statutes focus on deterrence and punishment rather than restitution or compensation; drafters should clearly distinguish them from remedial statutes to avoid ambiguity.


Purchase

/ˈpɜːrtʃəs/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The act of acquiring property or goods by paying for them; a contract for such acquisition.
    The purchase of the property was finalized yesterday.
  2. (v.) To acquire or buy property or goods by payment.
    She decided to purchase a new car.

Forms

  • purchases
  • purchasing
  • purchased

Commentary

In legal contexts, 'purchase' often implies a transfer of ownership for consideration, distinguishing it from gifts or other non-purchase transfers.


Purchase Agreement

/ˈpɜːrtʃəs əˈɡriːmənt/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A legally binding contract outlining terms and conditions under which one party agrees to buy and another agrees to sell goods, property, or services.
    The parties signed the purchase agreement before the transfer of ownership.

Forms

  • purchase agreements

Commentary

A purchase agreement should clearly specify item descriptions, price, payment terms, delivery obligations, and remedies for breach to minimize disputes.


Purchase Ledger

Definitions

  1. (n.) A financial record or accounting book that tracks all amounts owed by a business to its suppliers or creditors for goods and services purchased on credit.
    The accountant reviewed the purchase ledger to ensure all supplier invoices were correctly entered.

Forms

  • purchase ledger

Commentary

In legal drafting, the purchase ledger is crucial for verifying liabilities and obligations related to credit transactions with suppliers.


Purchase Money Security Interest

/ˈpɜːrtʃəs ˈmʌni sɪˈkjʊrɪti ˈɪntrɪst/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A security interest in goods or software that secures payment or performance of an obligation incurred to acquire those goods or software.
    The lender took a purchase money security interest in the debtor's new equipment to secure the loan.

Forms

  • purchase money security interests

Commentary

A purchase money security interest (PMSI) grants the secured party priority over other creditors with respect to the collateral, especially in financing the acquisition of goods or inventory.


Purchase Option

/ˈpər-chəs ˈɑp-shən/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A contractual right granting a party the option to purchase property or an asset under specified terms within a certain timeframe.
    The lease includes a purchase option allowing the tenant to buy the property after five years.

Forms

  • purchase option
  • purchase options

Commentary

A purchase option is legally distinct from an obligation to buy; it creates a unilateral right exercised at the option holder's discretion.


Purchase Order

/ˈpɜːrtʃəs ˈɔːrdər/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A commercial document issued by a buyer to a seller, indicating types, quantities, and agreed prices for products or services to be delivered.
    The supplier fulfilled the order according to the purchase order specifications.

Forms

  • purchase orders

Commentary

A purchase order becomes legally binding when accepted by the seller, forming part of the contract between the parties.


Purchase Price

/ˈpɜːrtʃəs prɪs/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The amount of money agreed upon by parties for the sale of property or goods.
    The purchase price was specified clearly in the sales agreement.
  2. (n.) The total consideration given in an acquisition, including cash, debt, and other assets transferred.
    In mergers, the purchase price often includes stock and assumption of liabilities.

Forms

  • purchase price
  • purchase prices

Commentary

The term emphasizes the monetary amount in a transfer, often distinct from appraised or market value; clarity in defining purchase price can prevent disputes.


Purchase Price Adjustment

/ˈpɜːrtʃəs praɪs əˈdʒʌstmənt/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A contractual mechanism in mergers and acquisitions that adjusts the purchase price post-closing based on specified financial benchmarks or representations to reflect the target’s actual value.
    The purchase price adjustment clause required recalculating the price after the final audit.

Forms

  • purchase price adjustment
  • purchase price adjustments

Commentary

Purchase price adjustments help allocate risk between buyer and seller by addressing value changes discovered after closing.


Purchaser

/ˈpɜːrtʃəsər/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A party who buys or agrees to buy property or goods.
    The purchaser signed the contract to buy the house.

Forms

  • purchasers

Commentary

Commonly used in contracts to identify the party acquiring ownership or title; precise definition may vary by jurisdiction.


Pure Economic Loss

/ˈpjʊər ɪˌkɒnəmɪk lɒs/

Definitions

  1. (n.) Financial loss suffered independently of any physical damage or injury, typically not recoverable in tort law without special circumstances.
    The plaintiff sought damages for pure economic loss resulting from the defendant's negligent misstatement.

Forms

  • pure economic loss

Commentary

Pure economic loss claims are subject to strict legal limitations due to concerns over indeterminate liability; courts often require a special relationship or statutory provision for recovery.


Pure Food and Drug Act

/ˈpjʊər fuːd ænd drʌg ækt/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A 1906 U.S. federal law aimed to prevent the manufacture, sale, or transportation of adulterated or misbranded foods, drugs, medicines, and liquors, establishing standards for purity and labeling.
    The Pure Food and Drug Act laid the foundation for modern consumer protection laws regarding food and medications.

Forms

  • pure food and drug act
  • pure food and drug acts

Commentary

Historically significant precursor to modern FDA regulations; distinguishes from later acts such as the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (1938).


Purification

/ˌpjʊərɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The act or process of removing impurities or contaminants, often in legal contexts related to property or document sanitization.
    The purification of the title cleared the deed for sale.
  2. (n.) In legal doctrine, a process to eliminate defects or claims against property or rights to ensure clear ownership or usage.
    Through purification, the defendant resolved all claims on the disputed land.

Forms

  • purifications

Commentary

Legal use of 'purification' frequently pertains to clearing titles or legal claims, emphasizing procedural correctness to ensure unencumbered rights.


Purity

/ˈpjʊrɪti/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The state or quality of being free from adulteration, contamination, or impurity, especially in legal and regulatory contexts such as property, evidence, or document authenticity.
    The purity of the chain of custody was crucial to admitting the evidence in court.
  2. (n.) The condition of being morally or legally uncontaminated or untainted, often relevant in fiduciary duties or corporate governance.
    The director must maintain purity in handling client funds to avoid conflicts of interest.

Commentary

In legal drafting, clarify the context of purity to specify whether referring to physical substance, evidence handling, or moral/legal integrity to avoid ambiguity.


Purpose

/ˈpɜːrpəs/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The legal reason or objective for which an act is done, a contract is created, or a document is executed.
    The purpose of the contract was to establish clear responsibilities between the parties.
  2. (n.) In statutory or constitutional law, the intent behind a provision guiding its interpretation and application.
    Courts consider legislative purpose when construing ambiguous statutes.

Forms

  • purposes

Commentary

In legal drafting, clearly stating the purpose helps prevent ambiguity and supports enforceability.


Purpose Limitation

/ˈpɜːrpəs ˌlɪmɪˈteɪʃən/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A legal principle restricting data collection and use exclusively to specified, explicit, and legitimate purposes.
    Organizations must comply with purpose limitation to lawfully process personal data.

Forms

  • purpose limitation

Commentary

Purpose limitation is fundamental in data protection law, ensuring personal data is not repurposed beyond its original intent without further legal grounds.


Purposeful

/ˈpɜːrpəsfəl/

Definitions

  1. (adj.) Done with intention or deliberate aim, particularly relevant in assessing mens rea in criminal law.
    The defendant's purposeful act demonstrated clear intent to commit the offense.

Commentary

In legal contexts, purposeful often implies conscious objective or specific intent, crucial in criminal liability analyses.


Purposefully

/ˈpɜːrpəsfəli/

Definitions

  1. (adv.) With intention or deliberate aim, especially regarding legal acts or omissions.
    The defendant purposefully concealed critical evidence during the trial.

Commentary

Used to indicate intentional conduct, often critical in establishing mental state in criminal or civil liability.


Purposefulness

/ˈpɜːrpəsfʊlnəs/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The quality of having a clear and intentional objective, often relevant in evaluating intent or state of mind in legal contexts.
    The court considered the defendant's purposefulness in determining the presence of criminal intent.

Commentary

Purposefulness is commonly analyzed in criminal law to assess whether an act was done with deliberate intent, distinguishing it from negligence or recklessness.


Purposivism

/ˌpɜːrpəsɪˈvɪzəm/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A judicial interpretive approach focusing on the intent and purpose behind a statute to ascertain its meaning and apply it accordingly.
    The court employed purposivism to uphold the law in a way that fulfilled the legislature’s intended objectives.

Forms

  • purposivism

Commentary

Purposivism contrasts with textualism by emphasizing legislative purpose rather than just statutory text; ideal drafting anticipates purposes to facilitate purposivist interpretation.


Pursuant

/pərˈsuːənt/

Definitions

  1. (prep.) In accordance with or under the authority of (a law, rule, or agreement).
    The parties acted pursuant to the terms of the contract.

Commentary

Often used to indicate that actions or obligations derive their authority from a specific legal instrument or provision.


Pursuant to

/ˈpɜːrsuːənt tə/

Definitions

  1. (prep.) In accordance with or under the authority of a law, regulation, or agreement.
    Pursuant to the contract, the tenant must pay rent by the first of each month.

Commentary

Commonly used to introduce the legal basis or authority for an action or condition in documents and statutes.


Pursuit

/pərˈsuːt/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The act of following or chasing to catch or achieve something, often used in law enforcement contexts.
    The police engaged in the pursuit of the fleeing suspect.
  2. (n.) The process of seeking to enforce or obtain a legal remedy or right through litigation or other legal means.
    The plaintiff initiated pursuit of damages against the defendant.

Forms

  • pursuits

Commentary

In legal contexts, 'pursuit' commonly refers either to physical chasing (e.g., by law enforcement) or the act of seeking legal redress; clarity depends on context.


Put

/pʊt/

Definitions

  1. (v.) To place or set something in a particular position or condition, including legal documents or property.
    The grantor put the property into a trust to protect it from creditors.
  2. (n.) An option contract giving the holder the right to sell an asset at a specified price before a specified date.
    She bought a put to hedge against a drop in the stock's value.

Forms

  • puts
  • putting

Commentary

In legal contexts, 'put' as a verb often involves the transfer or positioning of property or documents, while as a noun it primarily refers to a financial instrument in contract law.


Put Option

/ˈpʊt ˌɒpʃən/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A financial contract granting the holder the right, but not the obligation, to sell an asset at a specified price within a set time.
    She exercised her put option to sell the shares before the price declined.

Forms

  • put options

Commentary

Put options are important in contract drafting to clarify exercise conditions and to allocate risk between parties in financial transactions.


Put Price

/ˈpʊt praɪs/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The price at which the holder of a put option can sell the underlying asset.
    The put price determines the minimum amount the investor will receive if they exercise the option.

Forms

  • put price
  • put prices

Commentary

Put price is crucial in drafting and interpreting options contracts, reflecting the agreed sale price upon exercising the option.


Putative Plaintiff

/ˈpjuːtətɪv ˈpleɪntɪf/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A person who is assumed or alleged to be the plaintiff in a lawsuit, especially when their status as plaintiff is yet to be confirmed.
    The court must determine whether the putative plaintiff has standing to sue.

Forms

  • putative plaintiff
  • putative plaintiffs

Commentary

The term 'putative plaintiff' often arises in early litigation stages to denote an assumed party before formal recognition; clarity in pleadings helps avoid ambiguity regarding who is asserting claims.


Putsch

/ˈpʊtʃ/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A sudden, violent, and illegal seizure of government power, typically by a small group; a coup d'état.
    The military launched a putsch against the civilian government.

Forms

  • putsches

Commentary

Use 'putsch' to emphasize a coup's suddenness and illegality, often by a small faction rather than broad popular uprising.


Puttable Bond

/ˈpʊtəbl bɒnd/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A bond that includes a provision allowing the holder to force the issuer to repurchase the bond before maturity.
    The investor exercised the put option on the puttable bond due to rising interest rates.

Forms

  • puttable bond
  • puttable bonds

Commentary

A puttable bond grants bondholders a risk mitigation feature, allowing them to redeem the bond early, which affects pricing and issuer liability.


Putted

Definitions

  1. (v.) Past tense of put.
    He putted the documents on the table before the meeting.

Commentary

In legal contexts, 'putted' is simply the past tense of 'put', without a distinct substantive meaning.


Putting

/ˈpʊtɪŋ/

Definitions

  1. (v.) Gerund or present participle of put, meaning the act of placing or setting something in a particular position, often relevant in legal contexts such as putting assets into trust or putting statements on record.
    The putting of the evidence on record was crucial for the trial.

Forms

  • put
  • puts
  • putted

Commentary

'Putting' as a gerund often appears in legal contexts to describe an action, but the substantive definition is under the base verb 'put.'

Glossary – PU Terms