Browse full definitions for every BA term in the Amicus glossary.
/ˈbætʃələr əv lɔːz/
She earned her Bachelor of Laws before applying to the bar association.
When drafting, use 'Bachelor of Laws' to refer specifically to the academic credential, distinct from professional qualifications like the juris doctor.
/ˈbætʃələrz dɪˈɡriː/
She received her bachelor's degree in law last year.
In legal contexts, the bachelor's degree often serves as a prerequisite for advanced legal studies or professional certification.
/ˈbæk/
The loan agreement included a back to guarantee repayment if the primary source failed.
The defendant’s insurer agreed to back his legal defense.
In legal drafting, 'back' often functions to denote support or a fallback mechanism, emphasizing secondary responsibility or assurance.
/ˈbæk peɪ/
The court awarded the plaintiff back pay for the period of unlawful termination.
The veteran received back pay after successfully appealing the benefits decision.
Back pay commonly arises in employment law disputes and may cover unpaid wages, benefits, or pension payments retrospectively; precise calculation and period covered often require careful legal and factual analysis.
/ˈbækər/
The startup secured several backers to fund their new product launch.
In legal drafting, "backer" often appears in agreements involving funding or sponsorship, emphasizing the supportive financial role rather than operational control.
/ˈbækˌɡraʊnd tʃɛk/
Employers often require a background check before hiring a new employee.
A background check is mandatory before issuing a firearm license.
Background checks vary by jurisdiction and may require compliance with privacy and disclosure laws; drafters should specify scope and consent requirements explicitly.
/ˈbækˌɡraʊnd ɪnˌvɛstəˈɡeɪʃən/
The agency conducted a thorough background investigation before granting the security clearance.
Background investigations often integrate various checks including criminal, financial, and employment verification to ensure thorough risk assessment.
/ˌbæd ˈdɛt/
The company recorded a bad debt expense after determining the client would not repay the loan.
Commonly used in accounting and insolvency contexts to denote debts unlikely to be recovered; precise treatment varies by jurisdiction.
/ˌbæd ˈfeɪθ/
The insurer acted in bad faith by refusing to pay the claimant without a reasonable investigation.
Good faith requires parties to negotiate without bad faith tactics.
Bad faith is a key concept in contract and insurance law, often requiring proof of intentional misconduct or dishonesty beyond mere negligence.
/ˌbæd ˈfeɪθ nəˌgoʊʃiˈeɪʃən/
The court found that the parties engaged in bad faith negotiation, undermining the contract formation process.
Bad faith negotiation often serves as a basis for claims alleging breach of the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing in contract law.
/ˈbædʒ/
The officer displayed his badge to prove his authority.
In legal contexts, badges commonly signify lawful authority or official capacity and may be subject to regulation to prevent unauthorized use.
/ˈbeɪl/
The court set bail at $10,000 for the defendant's release.
The judge decided to bail the accused until the court date.
Bail functions both as a noun (the security) and a verb (the act of releasing on security). Distinguish bail from bond, which is often provided by a third party or surety.
/ˈbeɪl ˈeɪdʒənt/
The bail agent arranged for the defendant's release by posting the required bond.
In some jurisdictions, 'bail agent' and 'bail bond agent' are used interchangeably; clear usage depends on local legal terminology.
/ˈbeɪl bɒnd/
The defendant was released on bail bond pending trial.
A bail bond involves a financial guarantee by a third party (surety) ensuring the defendant's court appearance; terminology varies by jurisdiction.
/ˈbeɪl bɑnd ˈeɪdʒənt/
The bail bond agent posted bail for the defendant to secure his release from jail.
The term specifically refers to a licensed individual acting as an intermediary in the bail system; usage may vary by jurisdiction but always involves the contractual guarantee to the court.
/ˈbeɪl bɒnd ˈsɪstəm/
The defendant was released from jail after the bail bond system facilitated the payment of a surety bond.
The bail bond system often involves private surety companies and plays a critical role in pretrial release mechanisms; laws and procedures vary by jurisdiction.
/ˈbeɪl ˈbɒndsmən/
The bail bondsman posted bail to free the accused until their court date.
The term usually refers to an agent authorized to post bail, often in exchange for a fee, and distinct from sureties or courts.
/ˈbeɪl kənˈdɪʃənz/
The judge set bail conditions including travel restrictions and regular check-ins.
Bail conditions are tailored to balance defendant rights and community safety; clarity and specificity in drafting help enforcement and compliance.
/ˈbeɪl ɪnˈfɔːrsmənt/
The bail enforcement agent located the fugitive and brought him back to court.
Also known as fugitive recovery; terminology varies by jurisdiction but refers to the same legal activity.
/ˈbeɪl ɪnˈfɔːrsmənt ˈeɪdʒənt/
The bail enforcement agent successfully located the fugitive who missed their court date.
Also known as bounty hunters, bail enforcement agents operate under specific legal authority that varies by jurisdiction; precise authority and limits should be clearly delineated in contracts and understanding applicable local laws is crucial.
/ˈbāl fôrˈfē-CHər/
The court ordered bail forfeiture after the defendant skipped the trial date.
Bail forfeiture specifically refers to the legal consequence of failing to appear, distinct from other bail-related concepts like bail bond.
/ˈbeɪl ˈɡaɪdlaɪnz/
The judge referred to the bail guidelines when setting the defendant's bond.
Bail guidelines help ensure consistency and fairness in bail-setting decisions, balancing public safety and defendants' rights.
/ˈbeɪl ˈhɪərɪŋ/
The defendant attended a bail hearing to request release pending trial.
Bail hearings focus on the defendant's risk of flight and public safety; clear articulation of the factors considered aids consistent judicial decisions.
/ˈbeɪl ˌdʒʌmpər/
The court issued a warrant for the arrest of the bail jumper who missed the trial date.
The term specifically relates to the act of breaching bail conditions by nonappearance, important in criminal procedure and bail forfeiture contexts.
/ˈbeɪl ˈdʒʌmpɪŋ/
He was charged with bail jumping after missing his court date.
Bail jumping specifically addresses the offense tied to breach of bail conditions by non-appearance, distinct from initial bail granting or bond issues.
/ˈbeɪl rɪˌfɔrm/
The state's bail reform aimed to eliminate cash bail for minor offenses.
Bail reform debates often focus on balancing public safety with the presumption of innocence; definitions may vary by jurisdiction.
/ˈbeɪl ɪn/
The government approved a bail-in to stabilize the failing bank without using taxpayer money.
Bail-in is distinct from bail-out, as it involves internal recapitalization rather than external financial support.
/ˈbeɪl.aʊt/
The government authorized a bail-out to save the bank from bankruptcy.
Use 'bail-out' specifically for financial contexts involving external aid; distinct from 'bail' in criminal law contexts.
/ˈbeɪliː/
The bailee held the goods in trust until the owner reclaimed them.
The bailee's duty and liability vary by the type of bailment; clear terms reduce disputes.
/ˈbeɪlɪf/
The bailiff called the court to order before the trial began.
The bailiff seized the debtor's belongings following the court order.
The term 'bailiff' varies in scope depending on jurisdiction, covering both court officers maintaining order and officers executing property seizures; clarity in drafting should specify the role intended.
/ˈbeɪlmənt/
The warehouse entered into a bailment agreement to store the client's goods safely.
Bailment requires actual or constructive delivery of possession but not title; clarity about return conditions is key in drafting.
/ˈbeɪlmənt əˈɡriːmənt/
The parties entered into a bailment agreement for the safekeeping of valuable artwork.
A bailment agreement must clearly specify the duties of the bailee and the terms of return to avoid disputes.
/ˈbeɪlɔr/
The bailor entrusts the vehicle to the garage for repairs under the bailment contract.
Use precise language to distinguish bailor from bailee, ensuring clarity in bailment agreements.
/ˈbeɪlaʊt/
The government approved a bailout to save the failing bank.
The state decided to bailout the struggling automaker.
In legal drafting, specify the conditions and limitations tied to a bailout to avoid unintended liability or moral hazard.
/ˈbæl.əns/
The bank statement showed a positive balance at the end of the month.
The company's balance sheet reflected a healthy balance of assets over liabilities.
She paid the balance of the loan yesterday.
The court sought to strike a balance between the interests of both parties.
In legal drafting, "balance" often refers to financial amounts or equitable considerations and should be clearly contextualized to avoid ambiguity between monetary and abstract fairness senses.
/ˈbæləns duː/
The balance due must be paid within 30 days to avoid late fees.
The term typically appears in financial and contractual contexts; clarity on what constitutes the balance due is important in drafting payment clauses.
/ˈbæl.əns əv ˈpeɪ.mənts/
The central bank reviewed the balance of payments to assess the country's international economic standing.
Often used in legal contexts involving international trade law, foreign investment regulations, and monetary policy enforcement.
/ˈbæl.əns əv ˈpaʊər/
The balance of power in Europe shifted after the formation of alliances in the 19th century.
The balance of power between the legislature and executive is key to protecting democratic governance.
Often used in both international and domestic legal contexts; drafting should clarify which context—international relations or constitutional law—is intended to avoid ambiguity.
/ˈbaləns əv trād/
The nation's balance of trade showed a significant surplus last quarter, boosting its currency value.
Often analyzed in international economic law and trade agreements to assess compliance and impact on national economies.
/ˈbæl.əns ˌʃiːt/
The company's balance sheet showed a strong equity position as of the fiscal year-end.
In legal contexts, balance sheets are critical for due diligence, insolvency proceedings, and financial disclosures.
/ˈbæl.əns ˌʃiːt tɛst/
The court applied the balance sheet test to decide whether the company was insolvent.
The balance sheet test focuses on net asset value rather than cash flow, offering a snapshot of financial health at a specific point.
/ˈbælənst ˈbʌdʒɪt/
The legislature passed a balanced budget to ensure fiscal responsibility for the coming year.
In legal drafting, balancing a budget often reflects statutory mandates for fiscal discipline and may affect funding allocations and appropriations law.
/ˈbælən.sɪŋ tɛst/
The court applied a balancing test to decide between free speech and public safety.
In First Amendment cases, courts often employ a balancing test to determine restrictions' validity.
Balancing tests lack bright-line rules and require careful judicial discretion to weigh competing factors; drafters should clarify criteria to avoid arbitrariness.
/ˌbælɪˈstɪk ˈmɪsaɪl dɪˈfɛns/
The country invested heavily in ballistic missile defense to protect its cities from potential attacks.
In legal contexts, ballistic missile defense often implicates international treaties and arms control agreements; precise language is key to ensure compliance and clarify capabilities.
/buh-lɪs-tiks/
The forensic expert presented ballistics evidence to link the bullet to the suspect's gun.
In legal contexts, ballistics typically refers to forensic ballistics, critical for criminal investigations involving firearms.
/ˈbælət/
Each voter received a ballot to select their preferred candidate.
The secrecy of the ballot is a fundamental democratic principle.
In legal contexts, 'ballot' emphasizes both the physical or electronic form used to cast votes and the act of voting itself, often highlighting confidentiality and integrity in elections.
/ˈbælət ˈækˌsɛs/
The minor party struggled to meet the state's ballot access laws.
Changes to ballot access rules can affect voter turnout significantly.
Ballot access often involves compliance with signature collection, filing deadlines, and fees; precise rules vary by jurisdiction and can impact electoral competitiveness.
/ˈbælət bɒks/
Voters cast their votes by placing ballots in the ballot box.
The ballot box is a central element in electoral law ensuring the secrecy and integrity of votes cast.
/ˈbælət ˈtʃælɪndʒ/
The committee reviewed the ballot challenge filed by the losing candidate to ensure election integrity.
A ballot challenge typically concerns questions about voter qualifications or ballot validity and must conform to specific procedural rules to be sustained.
/ˈbælət kaʊnt/
The official ballot count confirmed the winning candidate's victory.
Accurate ballot counts are crucial to ensure the integrity of electoral outcomes and may be subject to legal scrutiny during disputes.
/ˈbælət dɪˌzaɪn/
Proper ballot design can reduce voter confusion and help prevent invalid votes.
Effective ballot design is crucial to uphold the integrity of elections; legal challenges often hinge on whether the design causes voter confusion or disenfranchisement.
/ˈbælət ɪnˈtɛɡrɪti/
Election officials took numerous measures to uphold ballot integrity in the recent vote.
Ballot integrity is critical to maintaining public confidence in elections and is often the focus of statutory regulation and litigation concerning election procedures.
/ˈbælət ˌɪntərprɪˈteɪʃən/
The court's ballot interpretation resolved the controversy over the faded markings on several ballots.
Ballot interpretation is typically governed by jurisdiction-specific statutes or case law aimed at preserving voter intent while ensuring election integrity.
/ˈbælət ˈmɛʒər/
The state passed a ballot measure to increase funding for public schools.
Several ballot measures on environmental regulations appeared on the ballot this year.
The term typically refers to direct democracy mechanisms allowing voters to approve or reject laws; distinctions between initiatives and referenda may vary by jurisdiction.
/ˈbælət riˈkaʊnt/
The candidate requested a ballot recount after the election results were extremely close.
Typically initiated by candidates or parties dissatisfied with results; legal standards and procedures vary by jurisdiction.
/ˈbælət ˈskænərz/
Election officials utilized ballot scanners to accurately tally votes.
In legal contexts, precise terminology around ballot scanners is important to distinguish methods of vote recording and ensure compliance with election law standards.
/ˈbælət sɪˈkjʊərɪti/
The election commission enhanced ballot security by introducing tamper-evident envelopes.
Ballot security commonly refers to legal and procedural safeguards designed to ensure that ballots are cast and counted accurately without unlawful interference; it is a key concept in election law disputes and policy.
/ˈbælət ˈstʌfɪŋ/
The candidate was accused of ballot stuffing to secure an unfair victory.
Ballot stuffing is typically referenced in the context of election law and criminal proceedings involving electoral integrity.
/ˈbælət ˈtæli/
The final ballot tally confirmed the candidate's victory.
The term specifically denotes the numerical aggregation of votes, distinct from the process of voting or ballot casting itself.
/ˈbælət ˈtæmpərɪŋ/
He was charged with ballot tampering after evidence showed he manipulated absentee ballots.
Ballot tampering specifically denotes manipulation or alteration of ballots or the voting process, distinct from broader election fraud which may include a wider range of illicit activities.
/bæn/
The government imposed a ban on smoking in public places.
The city council voted to ban the use of plastic bags.
The term 'ban' is commonly used both as a noun and a verb in legal contexts to denote formal prohibitions. Drafting should clarify the scope and authority imposing the ban.
/ˈbænd/
The defendants were charged with forming a criminal band to commit fraud.
The First Nations band negotiated a treaty with the government.
In legal contexts, "band" often denotes either criminal affiliations or Indigenous groups; clarity depends on jurisdiction and statutory language.
/ˈbæn.dɪdʒ/
The plaintiff needed a bandage for the injury sustained in the accident.
In legal contexts, 'bandage' is primarily pertinent to evidence of injury and treatment in tort and personal injury litigation.
/ˈbændwɪdθ/
The contract specifies the bandwidth allocated for data transfer between parties.
The regulator's bandwidth to enforce compliance is limited by statute.
In legal drafting, 'bandwidth' often metaphorically denotes the limits of authority or capacity rather than technical data measures; clarify context to avoid ambiguity.
/ˈbænɪʃ/
The court ordered to banish the defendant from the city for five years.
The committee decided to banish the member for violating ethical rules.
In legal contexts, 'banish' often involves formal, authoritative action rather than informal exclusion and can apply both territorially and in contexts such as professional disqualification.
/ˈbænɪʃmənt/
The court ordered the banishment of the defendant from the city for five years.
Banishment has historically been used to maintain public order by excluding criminals.
Banishment is a distinct legal penalty focusing on removal from a community; it differs from mere imprisonment and should be precisely defined in statutes to avoid ambiguity.
/ˈbæŋk/
The bank approved the mortgage application.
The property extends to the bank of the river.
The judge reviewed a bank of precedents before rendering the decision.
In legal contexts, 'bank' primarily denotes a licensed financial institution; other meanings arise in property and procedural law contexts and should be distinguished accordingly.
/ˈbæŋk əˌkaʊnt/
She opened a bank account to manage her business finances.
The bank account statement served as proof of payment.
A bank account is a foundational legal financial instrument; drafting clear terms on ownership, access, and liability is essential to avoid disputes.
/ˈbæŋk ˈtʃɑːrtər/
The bank charter must be granted before the institution can begin accepting deposits.
The bank charter outlines the regulatory compliance requirements the bank must follow.
A bank charter is foundational for legal operation of banks and varies by jurisdiction; drafters should ensure clarity on the regulatory scope and duration.
/ˈbæŋk ˈklɪərɪŋ/
Bank clearing ensures that payments between different banks are accurately and efficiently settled at the end of the day.
The bank clearing system helps reduce the risk of default in interbank payments.
In legal drafting, clarity about the type of clearing—whether procedural or institutional—helps avoid ambiguity in financial regulations and contracts.
/ˈbæŋk kɒnfɪˈdɛnʃɪælɪti/
Bank confidentiality ensures that client details cannot be revealed without consent or legal compulsion.
Bank confidentiality often overlaps with banking secrecy laws and financial privacy regulations, but specifically denotes the bank's duty to keep customer information private under legal and professional standards.
/ˈbæŋk dɪˌpɒzɪt/
She made a bank deposit to secure the funds for her rent.
The bank deposit was credited the next business day.
In legal contexts, distinguishing between the physical act of depositing and the resulting fiduciary relationship is important for liability and ownership issues.
/ˈbaŋk dræft/
The company secured payment by presenting a bank draft to the supplier.
A bank draft differs from a check in that it is drawn by one bank on another bank, usually ensuring greater payment security.
/ˈbæŋk ɪmˈplɔɪ.iː/
The bank employee verified the customer's identity before processing the loan application.
The term typically denotes roles with fiduciary or operational responsibilities within a bank and is distinct from managerial or executive titles.
/ˈbæŋk ɪɡˌzæmɪˈneɪʃən/
The bank underwent a thorough bank examination to verify its adherence to federal regulations.
Bank examinations typically focus on compliance, risk management, and financial condition, guiding regulatory actions and corrective measures.
/ˈbæŋk ˈfeɪljər/
The bank failure led to significant financial losses for its depositors.
Often involves regulatory processes such as receivership; crucial to distinguish from mere financial distress.
/ˈbæŋk ˌɡærənˈtiː/
The contractor secured the project by providing a bank guarantee to the client.
Bank guarantees function as risk mitigation tools in commercial contracts, ensuring payment or performance; clarity in scope and conditions is crucial when drafting.
/ˈbæŋk ˈhoʊldɪŋ ˈkʌmpəni ækt/
The Bank Holding Company Act restricts the types of non-banking activities bank holding companies can engage in.
Commonly cited in financial regulatory contexts, it empowers the Federal Reserve to oversee bank holding companies and restrict their activities to reduce systemic risk.
/ˈbæŋk ˌhɒl.ɪ.deɪ/
Employees are entitled to receive pay for work not performed on a bank holiday.
Bank holidays often have specific legal recognition affecting employment rights and financial transactions.
/ˈbæŋk ɪnˈsɒlvənsi/
The government stepped in to manage the bank insolvency to protect depositors.
Bank insolvency specifically concerns a banking institution's financial incapacity, distinguished from general corporate insolvency, often triggering regulatory mechanisms unique to the banking sector.
/ˈbæŋk lɪˈkwɪdɪti/
The regulator assessed the bank liquidity to ensure the institution could withstand sudden withdrawal demands.
Maintaining sufficient bank liquidity is essential for daily operational stability.
Bank liquidity is a critical measure in banking law and financial regulation, emphasizing a bank's ability to convert assets into cash quickly to meet immediate demands without disrupting normal operations.
/ˈbæŋk ˈɒfɪsər/
The bank officer approved the loan application after reviewing the client's documents.
The bank officer ensured compliance with anti-money laundering regulations in all transactions.
The term 'bank officer' generally applies to individuals vested with authority to bind the bank in contractual or financial matters. Legal documents often specify the scope of their powers expressly.
/ˈbæŋk ˌoʊvərˈdræft/
The company relied on a bank overdraft to manage its short-term cash flow needs.
Bank overdrafts are typically formalized within banking agreements and can involve fees or interest; precise terms should be carefully drafted to clarify limits and obligations.
/ˈbæŋk reɪt/
The central bank raised the bank rate to curb inflation.
In legal contexts, the bank rate often appears in financial regulations and contracts tied to monetary policy or lending terms.
/ˈbæŋk ˌrɛɡjʊˈleɪʃən/
Bank regulation aims to ensure the stability and integrity of the financial system.
Effective bank regulation includes capital adequacy requirements and regular audits.
Bank regulation serves both consumer protection and systemic stability functions; drafters often specify precise prudential norms and enforcement mechanisms.
/ˈbæŋk ˌrɛgjəˈleɪtəri ˌsuːpərˈvɪʒən/
Bank regulatory supervision aims to reduce systemic risks and protect depositors.
Typically involves routine inspections, enforcement actions, and monitoring to maintain the integrity of the banking sector.
/ˈbæŋk ˌrɛzəˈluːʃən/
The bank resolution was initiated to prevent systemic risk to the economy.
Bank resolution procedures vary by jurisdiction but typically involve transfer of assets or creation of a bridge bank to ensure continuity of critical functions.
/ˈbaŋk ˈsiːkrəsi/
The bank secrecy laws prevent unauthorized disclosure of customer account details.
Bank secrecy helps safeguard customers against identity theft.
Bank secrecy laws balance client confidentiality with obligations to law enforcement; drafters should clarify exceptions and cross-border data sharing rules.
/ˈbæŋk ˈsɪkrəsi ækt/
The Bank Secrecy Act mandates banks to report large cash transactions to the Treasury Department.
Often abbreviated as BSA, it underpins many anti-money laundering regulations and requires careful compliance and reporting by financial institutions.
/ˈbæŋk ˈsikrəsi lɔː/
The bank secrecy law mandates that banks report transactions exceeding a certain threshold to government authorities.
Commonly associated with U.S. Bank Secrecy Act; terms often used interchangeably but can refer broadly to similar laws worldwide.
/ˈbæŋk ˌsteɪtmənt/
The borrower submitted a bank statement to verify their financial status.
In legal contexts, bank statements often serve as evidence of financial activity and are critical in disputes involving verification of funds or fraud investigations.
/ˈbæŋk ˈsteɪtmənt ˌrɛkənˌsɪliˈeɪʃən/
The accountant completed the bank statement reconciliation to verify that all transactions were recorded correctly.
Bank statement reconciliation is critical in legal compliance for financial accuracy and fraud detection.
/ˈbæŋk ˌsuːpərˈvɪʒən/
Bank supervision aims to maintain financial stability and protect depositors' interests.
Bank supervision primarily involves continuous monitoring and assessment by regulatory bodies to prevent bank failures and systemic risk.
/ˈbæŋk ˌtɛlər/
The bank teller processed the customer's withdrawal quickly.
In legal drafting, distinguishing bank tellers from higher-level officers can clarify liability and responsibility in financial disputes.
/ˈbæŋk trænsˌfɜːr/
The client authorized a bank transfer to pay the supplier immediately.
In legal drafting, specify the method and authorization details of a bank transfer to establish payment and liability precisely.
/ˈbæŋk ˌtrʌst/
The bank trust manages the estate assets according to the beneficiary's instructions.
He set up a bank trust to ensure professional administration of his inheritance.
The term 'bank trust' often refers both to the arrangement and the institutional service; drafters should clarify context to distinguish between the relationship and the entity providing trust services.
/ˈbæŋkər/
The banker approved the loan application after reviewing the client's credit history.
The banker ensured all anti-money laundering protocols were followed during the transfer.
In legal drafting, 'banker' specifically denotes an individual or entity performing regulated financial services; clarity is important to distinguish from informal usages.
/ˈbæŋkɪŋ ækt/
The Banking Act sets forth the requirements for bank licensing and supervision.
The term generally refers to primary legislation governing banking; it may vary in scope and name depending on the jurisdiction.
/ˈbæŋkɪŋ ækt əv ˌnaɪntiːn ˈθɜːrtiː θriː/
The Banking Act of 1933 was crucial in restoring public confidence during the Great Depression.
Commonly known as the Glass–Steagall Act, it set foundational precedents for bank regulation and deposit insurance still influential in modern U.S. financial law.
/ˈbæŋkɪŋ dɪˌvaɪs/
She used the banking device to deposit a check at the ATM.
The term 'banking device' often appears in regulatory contexts governing electronic transactions; clarity about the device's function helps define scope of applicable laws.
/ˈbæŋkɪŋ ɪnˌstɪˈtjuːʃən/
The banking institution was regulated under federal law for its lending practices.
The term specifically denotes entities engaged in banking activities under regulatory frameworks; usage should distinguish from broader 'financial institutions'.
/ˈbæŋ.kɪŋ lɔː/
Banking law regulates how banks manage deposits and loans to protect consumers and maintain financial stability.
Disputes over unauthorized withdrawals often fall under banking law.
Banking law frequently overlaps with financial regulation and commercial law; drafters should clearly specify whether transactional or regulatory aspects are addressed.
/ˈbæŋkɪŋ ˈlaɪsəns/
The company applied for a banking license to operate legally within the country.
Obtaining a banking license typically involves rigorous scrutiny of the applicant's financial health.
The term emphasizes official permission to undertake banking services; clarity is important when drafting to specify jurisdiction and scope.
/ˈbæŋkɪŋ ˈnɛtwɜrk/
The expansion of the banking network improved access to financial services in rural areas.
In legal contexts, the term often relates to regulatory oversight of interbank relationships and compliance with cross-border transaction laws.
/ˈbæŋkɪŋ ˌrɛɡjʊˈleɪʃən/
Banking regulation aims to ensure financial stability and protect depositors.
Strong banking regulation can prevent financial crises caused by reckless lending.
Banking regulation typically encompasses both statutory law and administrative rules enforced by regulatory agencies; clarity is important to distinguish it from broader financial regulation.
/ˈbæŋkɪŋ ˌrɛɡjʊˈleɪʃən ækt/
The Banking Regulation Act mandates regular audits and capital adequacy requirements for banks.
Typically enacts licensing, regulatory oversight, and governance standards for banks; varies by jurisdiction but foundational for banking sector compliance.
/ˈbæŋkɪŋ ˈrɛɡjəˌleɪtər/
The banking regulator imposed new capital requirements on all national banks.
The term typically denotes a government or statutory body overseeing banking institutions; drafting should specify the jurisdiction or exact authority to avoid ambiguity.
/ˈbæŋkɪŋ ˈsiːkrəsi/
Banking secrecy laws vary widely between jurisdictions, influencing international financial privacy.
Banking secrecy traditionally emphasizes client privacy but is increasingly balanced against regulatory transparency requirements.
/ˈbæŋkɪŋ ˌsuːpərˈvɪʒən/
The central bank intensified banking supervision to prevent financial crises.
Banking supervision primarily involves regulatory frameworks designed to monitor and mitigate risks within banking institutions, often enforcing compliance with capital and liquidity requirements.
/ˈbæŋkɪŋ ˈsɪstəm/
The banking system ensures the stability and liquidity of financial transactions in the economy.
In legal contexts, refer to the banking system when discussing regulatory frameworks, systemic risk, or institutional responsibilities within finance law.
/ˈbæŋkɪŋ ˈtɜːrmɪnəl/
The banking terminal was temporarily unavailable due to maintenance.
Legally, banking terminals are subject to regulations concerning data security and consumer protection, as they handle sensitive financial information and transactions.
/ˈbæŋkˌnoʊt/
The banknote was accepted as valid currency in all transactions.
In legal drafting, distinguish banknotes from coins and other forms of currency to clarify negotiability and legal tender status.
/ˈbæŋ.krʌpt/
The company was declared bankrupt and its assets were sold to satisfy creditors.
The bankrupt must submit a full account of all assets and liabilities to the trustee.
Commonly used as both adjective and noun, 'bankrupt' pertains to insolvency formally recognized through legal processes, distinct from mere financial distress.
/ˈbæŋkrʌptsi/
After losing his business, he filed for bankruptcy to manage his debts.
The bankruptcy proceeding involved selling assets to pay creditors.
Bankruptcy often involves both a legal status and a procedural mechanism; distinguishing these helps clarify statutes and case law.
/ˈbæŋkrʌptsi əˈɡriːmənt/
The debtor entered into a bankruptcy agreement to settle outstanding debts under court supervision.
Often governed by statutory frameworks, bankruptcy agreements must be approved by the court or creditors to be enforceable.
/ˈbæŋkrʌptsi kleɪm/
The bankruptcy claim must be filed within the deadline to be considered in the distribution.
Typically refers to claims filed by creditors to participate in the debtor's estate distribution; precise requirements vary by jurisdiction.
/ˈbæŋkrəptsi koʊd/
The company filed for relief under the Bankruptcy Code to restructure its debts.
The term typically refers specifically to U.S. federal law on bankruptcy; referencing the Title 11 codification aids precision.
/ˈbæŋ.krʌp.si ˈkɔrt/
The bankruptcy court approved the debtor's repayment plan.
The term denotes a specific jurisdictional court; always capitalized when referring to the official federal tribunal.
/ˈbæŋkrəptsi dɪsˌtʃɑːrdʒ/
After the bankruptcy discharge, she was no longer legally required to pay the discharged debts.
A bankruptcy discharge primarily benefits the debtor by eliminating personal liability but does not necessarily remove liens or secured interests on property.
/ˈbæŋkrʌptsi dɪstrɪˈbjuːʃən/
The bankruptcy distribution was carried out in compliance with the court’s order prioritizing secured creditors.
Creditors received their bankruptcy distribution after the trustee liquidated the debtor’s estate.
Use precise language to clarify that distributions occur under court supervision and follow statutory priority rules.
/ˈbæŋkrʌptsi ɪˈsteɪt/
The bankruptcy estate includes all assets owned by the debtor when the petition is filed.
The bankruptcy estate serves as the central asset pool for distribution to creditors, distinct from the debtor's individual assets post-petition.
The bankruptcy evaluation revealed the debtor's inability to meet outstanding obligations.
In drafting, clarify whether the evaluation focuses on eligibility for bankruptcy or on asset/liability analysis to avoid ambiguity.
/ˈbæŋkrʌptsi lɔː/
The bankruptcy law provides a legal framework for debt restructuring and creditor protection.
Bankruptcy law is primarily statutory and procedural, often requiring precise drafting to ensure clarity in the classification of debts and obligations.
/ˈbæŋkrʌptsi ˌlɪkwɪˈdeɪʃən/
The company underwent bankruptcy liquidation after failing to meet its financial obligations.
Bankruptcy liquidation specifically refers to asset liquidation under bankruptcy law, distinct from reorganization procedures where the business continues operation.
/ˈbæŋkrʌptsi ˈɔːrdər/
The court issued a bankruptcy order against the debtor after reviewing the petition.
A bankruptcy order is distinct from an insolvency order in some jurisdictions; it formally starts bankruptcy proceedings and affects the debtor's legal status and estate.
/ˈbæŋkrʌptsi pəˈtɪʃən/
The debtor submitted a bankruptcy petition to seek relief from overwhelming debts.
Bankruptcy petitions must comply with procedural requirements and include detailed financial information; precision in drafting is critical to avoid dismissal.
/ˈbæŋ.krʌpt.si plæn/
The bankruptcy plan outlined a five-year schedule for repaying outstanding debts.
A bankruptcy plan is central to debtor reorganization proceedings and must comply with statutory requirements to be confirmed by the court.
/ˈbæŋkrʌptsi praɪˈɒrɪti/
Secured creditors have bankruptcy priority over unsecured creditors when assets are distributed.
Bankruptcy priority governs the payment hierarchy and affects recovery rates; drafting should clearly specify creditor classes and statutory priorities.
/ˈbæŋkrʌptsi prəˈsiːdɪŋz/
The bankruptcy proceedings concluded with the debtor’s assets being sold to pay creditors.
Often involves multiple stages including filing, asset evaluation, and distribution; precise procedures vary by jurisdiction.
/ˈbæŋkrəptsi prəˈtɛkʃən/
The company filed for bankruptcy protection to restructure its debts and continue operations.
Bankruptcy protection typically triggers an automatic stay that halts most collection actions, offering temporary relief while the debtor negotiates debt resolution.
/ˈbæŋkrəptsi rɪˈmoʊtnəs/
The special purpose vehicle was established with bankruptcy remoteness to protect investors' funds.
Bankruptcy remoteness is crucial in structured finance and securitizations to ensure that the entity holding the assets is shielded from the parent or originator's insolvency, preserving the value for creditors or investors.
/ˈbæŋkrʌptsi riˌɔːrɡənaɪˈzeɪʃən/
The company filed for bankruptcy reorganization to manage its debts and continue operating.
Bankruptcy reorganization typically refers to Chapter 11 proceedings in U.S. law, enabling debtors to propose a plan to repay creditors while retaining control of assets.
/ˈbæŋkrʌptsi ˈskɛdʒuːl/
The debtor submitted the bankruptcy schedule along with other required documents to the court.
Draft schedules clearly and thoroughly to avoid disputes over financial disclosures in bankruptcy proceedings.
/ˈbæŋkrʌptsi trʌst/
The bankruptcy trust ensured equitable distribution of the debtor's assets among creditors.
Bankruptcy trusts are specialized entities used to centralize claims and asset management in complex bankruptcy proceedings, particularly in mass tort or asbestos cases.
/ˈbæŋkrəptsi ˈtruːsti/
The bankruptcy trustee reviewed all assets to pay off outstanding debts.
The bankruptcy trustee acts as a fiduciary, ensuring impartial administration of the debtor's estate according to bankruptcy law.
/ˈbænd/
The sale of alcohol to minors is banned in most countries.
Usually used as a past participle adjective to indicate legal prohibition; clarity comes from specifying the scope and authority of the ban.
/ˈbænd ˈsʌbstənsɪz/
Athletes are tested regularly to ensure they do not use banned substances.
In legal drafting, clarify the context—such as sports, pharmaceuticals, or environmental law—to avoid ambiguity as 'banned substances' can vary widely in scope and regulation.
/ˈbænər/
The activists displayed a large banner outside the courthouse to voice their demands.
The company's legal documents bore the corporate banner for identification.
In legal contexts, banners often relate to rights of free speech and expression, as well as trademark and advertising law; clarity in description helps avoid confusion with purely commercial or political uses.
/ˈbænɪŋ/
The banning of certain drugs aims to protect public health.
Often used in statutory or regulatory contexts where authorities restrict conduct or items to enforce policy goals.
/bɑr/
She was admitted to the bar after passing the rigorous exam.
He stood behind the bar when addressing the court.
The bar exam is notoriously difficult and requires extensive preparation.
The court barred the witness from testifying due to conflict of interest.
In legal contexts, "bar" can denote both the professional body and physical courtroom feature; clarity is essential to distinguish between these uses.
/ˈbɑːr ədˈmɪʃən/
She successfully completed her bar admission and is now authorized to practice law in New York.
Bar admission is a critical legal milestone that grants a lawyer authority to practice; its requirements vary by jurisdiction and commonly include passing a bar exam and character evaluation.
/ˈbɑːr əˌsoʊsiˈeɪʃən/
She became a member of the local bar association to access professional resources.
The state bar association hosted a seminar on recent changes in criminal law.
The term commonly denotes both regulatory bodies and voluntary professional organizations; context clarifies the specific function.
/ˈbɑːr əˌsoʊsiˈeɪʃən ɡaɪdlaɪnz/
The attorney reviewed the bar association guidelines to ensure compliance with ethical standards during the case.
These guidelines often serve as non-binding advisory sources but can influence disciplinary proceedings and legal practice standards.
/ˈbɑːr əˌsoʊsiˈeɪʃən rɪˈfɜːrəl ˈsɜːrvɪs/
She contacted the bar association referral service to find a lawyer experienced in real estate law.
Often established to ensure clients are matched with attorneys who meet specific qualifications, such services may charge fees or offer free referrals depending on the jurisdiction.
The attorney was disciplined for violating the bar association regulations regarding client confidentiality.
Bar association regulations often serve as binding or advisory standards and can vary by jurisdiction, so precise citation is important in legal drafting.
/ˈbär əˌsoʊsiˈeɪʃən ˈruːlz/
The attorney was disciplined for violating the bar association rules regarding client confidentiality.
Bar association rules often supplement or enforce broader state or national standards and vary by jurisdiction.
/ˈbɑr ɪɡˌzæm/
She passed the bar exam on her first attempt and became a licensed attorney.
The bar exam is a critical gatekeeping tool for legal practice; its format and content vary by jurisdiction.
/ˈbɑːr ɪɡˌzæməˈneɪʃən/
She passed the bar examination on her first attempt and became a licensed attorney.
The term refers specifically to the qualifying exam administered by jurisdictional authorities; drafting should distinguish it from law school exams or other legal tests.
/ˈbɑːr mɛm.bər.ʃɪp/
Her bar membership allows her to represent clients in all state courts.
The bar membership is published annually to confirm licensed lawyers.
Bar membership connotes both the formal admission status of a lawyer and the official registry of such admitted lawyers; context usually clarifies the intended meaning.
/ˈbɑːr ˈɔːrdər/
The judge issued a bar order prohibiting contact between the witness and defendant during the trial.
The bar order dismissed the plaintiff's claim due to statute of limitations.
A bar order serves as a preventive or restrictive court order; clarity about its scope is essential when drafting to avoid ambiguity about the prohibited acts or claims.
/ˈbɑr roʊl/
The bar roll was updated annually to reflect new admissions and renewals.
Typically used to denote official membership or attendance records within legal professional bodies; clarity needed to distinguish from unrelated uses of 'roll'.
/ˈbɑːrbɪtʃuˌreɪts/
The possession of barbiturates without a prescription is illegal in many jurisdictions.
Barbiturates are often referenced in legal contexts concerning controlled substances laws and prescription drug regulation.
/ˈbɛər ˈtrʌsti/
The bare trustee holds the property on behalf of the beneficiary without exercising any discretionary powers.
A bare trustee's role is strictly passive; drafting should clarify the absence of discretionary authority to avoid ambiguity.
/ˈbɑːrɡɪn/
The parties reached a bargain on the sale price after extensive negotiations.
They bargained for a lower price before signing the agreement.
In legal contexts, ‘bargain’ often implies a negotiated agreement which may manifest as a contract; clarity in specifying mutual assent and consideration is essential in drafting.
/ˈbɑːrɡən əv ædˈhɪʒən/
The consumer claimed the bargain of adhesion was unfair as she had no opportunity to modify the terms.
Commonly scrutinized under unconscionability doctrine due to imbalance of bargaining power; drafters should ensure clarity and fairness to avoid invalidation.
/ˈbɑːrɡənɪŋ ˈpaʊər/
The union's high bargaining power led to favorable wage increases.
Bargaining power often varies depending on the relative alternatives available to each party and is a core concept in contract and labor law negotiations.
/ˈbær.ən/
The baron was summoned to the House of Lords to participate in legislative sessions.
The baron exercised judicial authority over his estates during the Middle Ages.
In legal history, 'baron' denotes a rank with specific privileges and obligations; modern usage often pertains to the peerage system.
/ˈbærənɪt/
The baronetcy passed from father to son according to the original patent.
Often confused with peerage titles, baronets are commoners with hereditary honorific status, not peers; legal instruments creating baronetcies specify inheritance rules precisely.
/ˈbær.ə.ni/
The land was held as a barony under the king's grant.
The barony encompassed several villages and farmlands.
Typically used in historical or feudal contexts; modern usage may be technical or archaic.
/ˈbær.əks/
The soldiers returned to the barracks after their training exercises.
Typically treated as a singular noun despite appearing plural; usage in legal contexts often concerns property and military law.
/ˈbɑrdɪd/
The plaintiff was barred from filing the claim due to the statute of limitations.
The court barred the evidence as inadmissible.
Often used in statutes and case law to indicate legal prohibition or exclusion; clarify if referring to the adjective or the verb past tense form.
/ˈbærəl/
The contract stipulated that payment would be based on the delivery of fifty barrels of oil.
In legal contexts, 'barrel' typically refers to a unit of volume or quantity defined by statute or contract rather than just a physical container.
/ˈbæriər/
The court imposed a barrier to the disclosure of confidential information.
The statute of limitations acts as a barrier to filing late claims.
In legal contexts, 'barrier' often denotes either physical impediments or procedural/legal obstacles; clarity comes from context and specifying the type of barrier involved.
/ˈbæriər tə ˈɛntri/
The high startup costs serve as a barrier to entry for small businesses.
The licensing requirements act as a barrier to entry in the healthcare sector.
In legal drafting, clearly identify whether the barrier is economic or regulatory to specify its scope and impact.
/ˈbæriər tə pɑːrtɪsɪˈpeɪʃən/
The law was criticized for creating unnecessary barriers to participation in the electoral process.
Often examined in contexts of civil rights, voting law, and administrative procedures to ensure fair inclusion; drafting clear, nondiscriminatory provisions minimizes unintended barriers.
/ˈbærɪŋ/
Barring unforeseen delays, the contract will be signed next week.
The court issued a barring of evidence obtained unlawfully.
Commonly used as a preposition to indicate an exception, or as a noun referring to a legal prohibition or exclusion.
/ˈbærɪstər/
The barrister presented a compelling argument before the appellate court.
In common law jurisdictions, barristers typically specialize in courtroom advocacy and litigation, often receiving case instructions via solicitors.
/ˈbɑːr.tər/
The small community relied on barter to acquire necessary supplies.
They decided to barter their handmade crafts for fresh produce.
Barter is a fundamental concept in contract and commercial law, often relevant in contexts where monetary consideration is absent but a legally enforceable exchange is intended.
/ˈbeɪs/
The court found no legal basis to support the plaintiff's argument.
The troops were ordered to return to base after the mission.
The contract was based on the mutual agreement of both parties.
In legal drafting, distinguishing ‘base’ as foundation versus as a physical location is important; usage depends on context, whether abstract legal grounds or military/organizational placement.
/ˈbeɪs dɪˈfɛns/
The base defense includes both physical barriers and armed patrols to ensure security.
In legal and military contexts, base defense pertains to formalized security protocols often governed by specific military regulations or statutes.
/ˈbeɪs ˈpɜːrsən/
The legislation defines a base person to establish minimum legal protections applicable to all individuals.
The term 'base person' is used primarily as a theoretical or classificatory baseline in legal contexts, rather than as a formal legal status.
/ˈbeɪs tɜrm/
The base term of the contract specifies the duration of the agreement.
In legal drafting, clearly identifying base terms helps ensure clarity and avoids ambiguity in complex documents.
The base term uplift was applied to the loan amount after the annual review.
Typically used in financial and contractual contexts, 'base term uplift' refers to adjustments that increase the original principal or base monetary figure; clarity is advised to specify whether it is tied to interest, fees, or other contractual modifications.
/teɪl/
The deed described the property including the land near the tail of the river.
The lawyer reviewed the tail of the recorded testimony for crucial statements.
In legal drafting, 'tail' is often context-specific; clarity about whether it refers to a physical appendage or a segment is essential to avoid ambiguity.
/ˈbɑːzəl/
The Basel Accords influence banking regulations worldwide.
Often referenced in international financial law contexts, 'Basel' typically relates to regulatory frameworks devised by the Basel Committee.
/ˈbɑːzl əˌkɔːrd/
The bank updated its policies to comply with the latest Basel Accord requirements.
The term 'Basel Accord' generally refers to a series of banking supervisory accords; specifying which version (Basel I, II, or III) is often crucial in legal contexts.
/ˈbɑːzəl kəˈmɪti ɒn ˈbæŋkɪŋ ˌsuːpərˈvɪʒən/
The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision issued new guidelines to improve risk management in banks.
The Basel Committee's standards, such as the Basel Accords, are internationally influential but non-binding, adopted through national legislation.
/ˈbeɪsləs/
The court dismissed the baseless claim for lack of evidence.
Use 'baseless' to critique claims or arguments lacking any factual or legal support; it often appears in motions to dismiss or sanctions contexts.
/ˈbeɪsləs kleɪm/
The court dismissed the lawsuit as a baseless claim due to insufficient evidence.
A baseless claim is often synonymous with a frivolous claim but specifically emphasizes the absence of any factual or evidentiary support.
/ˈbeɪslɪslɪ/
The plaintiff's claim was dismissed because it was made baselessly.
Used to describe actions or claims lacking any factual or legal support, often important in motions to dismiss or sanctions for frivolous lawsuits.
/ˈbeɪsləsnəs/
The court dismissed the claim due to its baselessness.
Baselessness is often pivotal in pretrial motions to dismiss or summary judgment requests, emphasizing the absence of any substantive claim or evidence.
/ˈbeɪslaɪn/
The surveyor established the baseline to determine the property boundaries accurately.
The contract set a baseline for performance measures that must be met by the service provider.
In legal drafting, baselines often establish clear, measurable starting points to avoid disputes over boundaries or standards.
/ˈbeɪslaɪn əˈɡriːmənt/
The parties executed a baseline agreement before negotiating specific project details.
Baseline agreements are often used in complex transactions to set initial parameters, helping streamline later detailed contracts.
/ˈbeɪsɪk/
The basic principles of contract law must be understood before drafting agreements.
The lawyer explained the basics of property rights to the client.
Often used to describe essential rules or principles on which more complex legal rules are built; clarity about what is 'basic' helps in legal education and drafting.
/ˈbeɪsɪk ˈliːɡəl ˈprɪnsəpəl/
The principle of legality is a basic legal principle that ensures no one is punished without a law.
Basic legal principles are often unwritten norms guiding interpretation and application of laws, essential for legal coherence and fairness.
/ˈbeɪsɪk laɪf səˈpɔrt/
Legal guidelines often mandate that bystanders provide basic life support in emergencies when safe to do so.
In legal drafting, specifying basic life support obligations clarifies duty to act and can affect liability protections for responders.
/ˈbeɪsɪk niːdz/
Governments have a duty to ensure access to basic needs such as food, shelter, and healthcare.
The term 'basic needs' is often invoked in human rights and social policy legal frameworks to define minimum standards of living protected or imposed by law.
/ˈbeɪsɪk raɪt/
The right to free speech is considered a basic right in democratic societies.
Basic rights are often enshrined in constitutions or fundamental legal documents and serve as the foundation for other legal protections.
/ˈbæsɪks/
The lawyer explained the basics of contract law to her client.
In legal contexts, 'basics' often refers to foundational knowledge crucial for understanding more complex issues; best used to introduce novice audiences to legal concepts.
/ˈbeɪsɪs/
The plaintiff must prove the basis for their negligence claim.
The basis of the property was adjusted after the inheritance.
The basis of the contract was the delivery of goods by a specified date.
In legal drafting, clarity on the specific context of 'basis' is key, as it varies notably between contract law, tort law, and tax law.
/ˈbeɪsɪs əˈdʒʌstmənt/
The basis adjustment increased the asset's tax value after improvements were made.
Basis adjustments are critical in tax law for accurately measuring capital gains or losses and ensuring compliance with tax reporting requirements.
/ˈbætʃ ˈnʌmbər/
The manufacturer recalled the products with the batch number 12345 due to contamination concerns.
In legal contexts, precise batch numbering is critical for regulatory compliance and liability tracing in areas such as manufacturing, pharmaceuticals, and food safety.
/ˈbætsən ˈtʃælɪndʒ/
The defense lodged a Batson Challenge claiming the prosecutor excluded jurors based solely on race.
Typically raised during voir dire, a Batson Challenge requires the party exercising peremptory strikes to provide nondiscriminatory reasons for juror exclusion; failure to do so can lead to reversal of a conviction on appeal.
/ˈbætsən v. kənˈtʌki/
The Batson v. Kentucky decision prohibited prosecutors from excluding jurors solely based on race.
Batson sets a critical standard for assessing racial bias in jury selection, shifting the burden to prosecutors to provide race-neutral explanations for peremptory strikes.
/ˈbætəˌliən/
The military tribunal reviewed the conduct of the battalion during the operation.
In legal texts, 'battalion' is typically referenced in military law, discipline, and organizational regulation; clarity in size and composition is key for contract or regulatory clauses involving armed forces.
/ˈbætəri/
He was charged with battery for striking the victim during the altercation.
Battery requires proof that the defendant made contact that was harmful or offensive.
The plaintiff filed a battery claim after the defendant pushed him in a dispute.
Battery is distinct from assault, which is the threat or attempt of harmful contact; proof of actual contact is required for battery.
/ˈbætəl/
The battle over the property rights lasted for years in court.
The parties battled through several rounds of appeals before reaching a settlement.
In legal writing, "battle" often figuratively describes adversarial proceedings; avoid using it to obscure precise legal issues.
/ˈbæt(ə)lfild/
The troops secured the battlefield after several hours of fighting.
The courtroom became the battlefield for the two attorneys' fierce dispute.
The term is primarily military but is also used metaphorically in legal discussions to describe intense adversarial proceedings.
/ˈbætəlfiːld ˈmɛdɪsɪn/
Battlefield medicine must comply with the Geneva Conventions to ensure the protection of wounded soldiers.
Battlefield medicine in legal contexts primarily concerns compliance with international humanitarian laws regulating medical care in war zones.
/ˈbætəlfiːld ˈtraɪɑːrdʒi/
The military medic performed battlefield triage to ensure the most critically injured soldiers received immediate care.
Used primarily in military and emergency contexts, battlefield triage involves legal considerations regarding care standards and rules of engagement under the laws of armed conflict.
/ˈbeɪ dō ˈækt/
The Bayh-Dole Act encourages innovation by enabling institutions to patent discoveries made with federal funding.
The Act is pivotal in technology commercialization from public research; drafters should specify federal funding conditions when referencing patent rights transfer.
