GE glossary terms

Browse full definitions for every GE term in the Amicus glossary.

Gender

/ˈdʒɛndər/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The classification of persons based on social and cultural distinctions of sex, often relevant in anti-discrimination and human rights law.
    The policy prohibits discrimination based on gender.
  2. (n.) A legal recognition or status assigned to individuals, which may differ from biological sex, affecting rights and obligations.
    Legal documents may require declaration of gender.

Commentary

In legal contexts, gender often extends beyond biological sex to include cultural and identity factors, making precise definitions important for legislation and litigation involving rights and protections.


Gender Discrimination

/ˈdʒɛndər dɪˌskrɪmɪˈneɪʃən/

Definitions

  1. (n.) Unfair or unequal treatment of a person based on their gender, often prohibited by anti-discrimination laws in employment, education, and other areas.
    The employee filed a complaint alleging gender discrimination in promotion decisions.

Forms

  • gender discrimination

Commentary

Gender discrimination often requires distinguishing from sex discrimination in legal texts, though the terms overlap; precise drafting should specify protected classes and contexts.


Gender Equality

/ˈdʒɛn.dər ɪˈkwɒl.ɪ.ti/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The principle and legal framework aiming to ensure equal rights, responsibilities, and opportunities regardless of gender.
    The constitution guarantees gender equality in employment and education.
  2. (n.) A standard in anti-discrimination law that prohibits unequal treatment based on gender.
    Gender equality laws protect against workplace discrimination.

Forms

  • gender equality

Commentary

Often addressed in constitutional, labor, and human rights law, gender equality principles require clear statutory definitions to ensure enforceability and avoid ambiguity regarding protected classes.


Gender Equity

/ˈdʒɛn.dɚ ˈɛ.kwɪ.ti/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The principle and practice of ensuring fair treatment, opportunities, and advancement for all genders within legal frameworks and policies.
    Gender equity in the workplace is mandated by law to prevent discrimination.

Forms

  • gender equity

Commentary

Gender equity focuses on fairness and justice in treatment and opportunity, often requiring measures to address imbalances, whereas gender equality emphasizes sameness of treatment.


Gender Identity

/ˈdʒɛndər aɪˈdɛntɪti/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The personal sense of one's own gender, which may or may not correspond with the sex assigned at birth, recognized in various laws protecting identity and expression rights.
    The court ruled that the plaintiff's gender identity must be respected and protected under anti-discrimination laws.

Commentary

Legal usage emphasizes recognition and protection of gender identity in discrimination and human rights contexts.


Gender Inequality

/ˈdʒɛn.dɚ ɪˌnɪ.kwəˈlɪ.ti/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The systemic disparity in rights, opportunities, and treatment based on gender, recognized and addressed under various legal frameworks.
    Legislation aims to reduce gender inequality in workplace hiring practices.

Forms

  • gender inequality

Commentary

Gender inequality in law often intersects with issues of discrimination and human rights, requiring careful statutory and case law interpretation.


Gender Pay Equity

/ˈdʒɛn.dər peɪ ɪˈkwɪ.ti/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The principle and practice of ensuring equal pay for employees performing work of equal or comparable value without discrimination based on gender.
    The company implemented new policies to promote gender pay equity across all departments.

Forms

  • gender pay equity

Commentary

Legally, gender pay equity addresses systemic wage disparities and is distinct from mere equal pay for identical work; it often requires comparative job value analyses across gender lines.


Gender Pay Gap

/ˈdʒɛn.dɚ peɪ gæp/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The measurable difference in average remuneration between employees of different genders performing equivalent work or work of equal value, often reflecting systemic inequalities.
    The company was required to publish its gender pay gap to comply with equality reporting laws.

Forms

  • gender pay gap
  • gender pay gaps

Commentary

The gender pay gap is distinct from unequal pay claims; it often involves statistical comparisons across groups rather than individual contractual differences.


Genealogy

/ˌdʒiːnɪˈælədʒi/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The study or investigation of family lineage and descent, often used to establish inheritance rights or identity in legal contexts.
    The attorney presented a detailed genealogy to prove the client's rightful claim to the estate.

Forms

  • genealogies

Commentary

Genealogy is crucial in legal cases involving inheritance disputes or the establishment of familial relationships for rights or obligations.


General

/ˈdʒɛnərəl/

Definitions

  1. (adj.) Relating to the whole rather than specific parts or cases, often used to describe broad legal principles or authorities.
    The general rule is applied to all contract disputes unless otherwise specified.
  2. (n.) A high-ranking military officer, sometimes referenced in legal contexts involving military law or jurisdiction.
    The general addressed the court-martial regarding the conduct of his troops.

Forms

  • generals (plural)

Commentary

When using 'general' adjectivally in legal drafting, be clear to distinguish it from 'specific' to avoid ambiguity in scope or applicability.


General Account

/ˈdʒɛnərəl əˈkaʊnt/

Definitions

  1. (n.) An accounting ledger or record that summarizes the financial transactions and balances of an organization or a specific fund.
    The company reviewed the general account to ensure all transactions were accurately recorded.
  2. (n.) A type of account maintained by an insurance company where policyholders' premiums and company assets are pooled and managed collectively.
    The insurer reported the solvency of its general account to the regulators.

Forms

  • general account

Commentary

Used primarily in accounting and insurance law; the term distinguishes from specialized or segregated accounts.


General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

/ˈdʒɛnərəl əˈɡriːmənt ɒn ˈtærɪfs ænd treɪd/

Definitions

  1. (n.) An international treaty established in 1947 to promote international trade by reducing tariffs and other trade barriers, later succeeded by the World Trade Organization (WTO).
    The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade laid the foundation for modern global commerce rules.

Forms

  • general agreement on tariffs and trade

Commentary

Often abbreviated GATT, referenced in trade law for its role in shaping multilateral trade negotiations and tariff reduction mechanisms.


General and Administrative Expenses

/ˈdʒɛnərəl ænd ədˌmɪnɪˈstreɪtɪv ɪkˈspɛnsɪz/

Definitions

  1. (n.) Operating costs not directly tied to production or sales, including salaries of administrative personnel, office rent, and utilities in business financial statements and legal contexts.
    The court examined the general and administrative expenses to determine if they were properly allocated in the contract.

Forms

  • general and administrative expenses
  • general and administrative expense

Commentary

Often aggregated with selling expenses, general and administrative expenses are key for assessing indirect costs in contracts and disputes involving financial accounting.


General Appearance

/ˈdʒɛnərəl əˈpɪərəns/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The overall observable condition or outward aspect of a person, object, or property relevant in legal assessments, inspections, or evidence.
    The inspector noted discrepancies in the general appearance of the property during the legal inspection.

Forms

  • general appearance
  • general appearances

Commentary

Often used in contexts such as property law and personal identification, emphasizing the significance of observable traits rather than detailed specifics.


General Assembly

/ˈdʒɛnərəl əˈsɛmbli/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A deliberative body composed of all members of an organization, such as a legislative or international assembly.
    The General Assembly convened to discuss the new international treaty.
  2. (n.) The principal policy-making organ of the United Nations, consisting of all member states.
    The United Nations General Assembly adopts resolutions to guide international cooperation.

Forms

  • general assembly
  • general assemblies

Commentary

The term typically denotes a plenary body with broad representative membership and decision-making authority; ensure clarity by specifying the organization or context to avoid ambiguity.


General Average

/ˈdʒɛnərəl ˈævərɪdʒ/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A maritime law principle whereby all parties in a sea venture proportionally share the loss resulting from a voluntary sacrifice of part of the ship or cargo to save the whole in an emergency.
    The shipowner claimed general average to recover costs from the cargo owners after jettisoning some cargo to lighten the ship.

Commentary

General average requires strict compliance with formal notice and adjustment procedures, making accurate documentation essential in claims and settlements.


General Aviation

/ˈdʒɛnərəll ˌeɪvɪˈeɪʃən/

Definitions

  1. (n.) Civil aviation operations other than commercial air transport and aerial work, including private, instructional, and recreational flying.
    The airport serves both commercial airlines and general aviation aircraft.

Forms

  • general aviation

Commentary

In legal contexts, 'general aviation' distinguishes non-commercial aviation activities, impacting regulatory obligations and liability considerations.


General Contractor

/ˈdʒɛnərəl kənˈtræktər/

Definitions

  1. (n.) An individual or company responsible for overseeing and managing a construction project, coordinating subcontractors, and ensuring timely completion.
    The general contractor was hired to build the new office complex.
  2. (n.) A party who enters into a contract with the owner to perform all major construction work on a project, bearing liability for compliance with building codes and safety regulations.
    As a general contractor, she assumed responsibility for obtaining necessary permits and inspections.

Forms

  • general contractors

Commentary

In legal contexts, the general contractor holds primary contractual responsibility for the construction project and is distinct from subcontractors. Precise contract terms should clarify scope and liability.


General Counsel

/ˈdʒɛnərəl ˈkaʊnsəl/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The chief lawyer of a legal department, typically in a corporation or government agency, responsible for overseeing legal matters and providing legal advice to the organization.
    The general counsel advised the board on compliance with new regulations.

Forms

  • general counsels

Commentary

General counsel is often a title indicating the primary in-house lawyer, distinct from outside counsel; usage depends on organizational structure.


General Court

/ˈdʒɛnərəl kɔːrt/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A legislative body, particularly the colonial legislature of Massachusetts, which functioned as both a legislature and court in early American history.
    The General Court enacted laws and adjudicated disputes during the colonial period.
  2. (n.) The supreme legislative authority in certain U.S. states, such as Massachusetts, comprising two chambers (Senate and House).
    The Massachusetts General Court passed the new environmental regulations.

Forms

  • general court
  • general courts

Commentary

The term can refer both to historic colonial legislative-court bodies and to modern state legislatures, notably in Massachusetts; context clarifies which meaning applies.


General Damages

/ˈdʒɛn(ə)rəl ˈdæmɪdʒɪz/

Definitions

  1. (n.) Monetary compensation awarded for non-quantifiable losses such as pain, suffering, or loss of reputation.
    The plaintiff was awarded general damages for the emotional distress caused by the defendant's negligence.

Forms

  • general damages

Commentary

General damages cover intangible harm and typically require judicial discretion to quantify, differing from special damages which compensate for specific economic losses.


General Data Protection Regulation

/ˈdʒɛnərəl ˈdeɪtə prətɛkʃən ˌrɛɡjʊˈleɪʃən/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A comprehensive European Union regulation (EU 2016/679) establishing rules on data protection and privacy for individuals within the EU and the European Economic Area.
    The General Data Protection Regulation enhances individuals' control over their personal data.

Forms

  • general data protection regulation

Commentary

Typically abbreviated as GDPR; important to distinguish it from earlier data protection directives.


General Defense

/ˈdʒɛnərəl dɪˈfɛns/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A broad legal justification asserting that the defendant's actions are lawful or excusable under prevailing legal principles, absolving liability.
    The defendant raised a general defense of self-defense to justify his actions.
  2. (n.) A non-specific defense available in various legal contexts that rebuts the plaintiff's claims without relying on particular affirmative facts.
    The attorney presented a general defense denying all allegations made by the plaintiff.

Forms

  • general defense

Commentary

General defenses are often contrasted with affirmative defenses, which require the defendant to prove specific facts; drafters should clarify whether a defense negates an element of the claim or raises new facts justifying non-liability.


General Deterrence

/ˈdʒɛnərəl dɪˈtɜːrəns/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A theory in criminal law aimed at discouraging the public from committing offenses by making an example of punished wrongdoers.
    General deterrence seeks to prevent crime by promoting the fear of punishment among society at large.

Forms

  • general deterrence

Commentary

General deterrence focuses on the societal impact of punishment rather than on the individual offender, often guiding sentencing policy to achieve broader crime reduction.


General Duty Clause

/ˈdʒɛnərəl ˈdjuːti klɔːz/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A provision in occupational safety law imposing a broad responsibility on employers to provide a workplace free from recognized hazards.
    The General Duty Clause requires employers to maintain safe working conditions even in the absence of specific regulations.

Forms

  • general duty clause

Commentary

Often invoked when specific regulatory standards do not exist, making it a foundational safety enforcement tool.


General Election

/ˈdʒɛnərəl ɪˈlɛkʃən/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A nationwide or state-wide election where voters choose among candidates for public office, often to constitute a new legislative body or government.
    The general election will determine the composition of the new parliament.

Forms

  • general election
  • general elections

Commentary

A general election is distinct from primary or special elections and typically involves the final selection among candidates for elective offices.


General Insurance

/ˈdʒɛnərəl ɪnˈʃʊərəns/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A category of insurance covering non-life risks such as property, casualty, liability, and accident insurance.
    The company offers general insurance to protect clients against fire, theft, and liability claims.

Forms

  • general insurance

Commentary

General insurance typically excludes life and health insurance; clarity is essential to distinguish coverage scope in contracts.


General Jurisdiction

/ˈdʒɛnərəl ˌdʒʊrɪsˈdɪkʃən/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The authority of a court to hear all kinds of cases, regardless of subject matter or location, typically over persons or entities with substantial connections to the jurisdiction.
    The state court exercised general jurisdiction over the corporation because it was incorporated and headquartered in the state.

Commentary

General jurisdiction contrasts with specific jurisdiction; drafting should clarify the scope and basis of the court's authority to avoid jurisdictional challenges.


General Ledger

/ˈdʒɛnərəl ˈlɛdʒər/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A comprehensive accounting record used by legal and financial professionals to track all transaction data and ensure accurate financial reporting and auditing.
    The auditor reviewed the company's general ledger to verify the accuracy of reported expenses.

Forms

  • general ledger
  • general ledgers

Commentary

In legal contexts, the general ledger serves as a foundational document for financial compliance and forensic accounting; precise and consistent maintenance is critical.


General Liability

/ˈdʒɛnərəl laɪəˈbɪlɪti/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A broad category of insurance coverage that protects an individual or business from financial loss due to claims of bodily injury, property damage, or personal injury caused to others during business operations or premises.
    The company purchased general liability insurance to cover potential lawsuits from accidents on its premises.

Forms

  • general liability

Commentary

General liability insurance is fundamental in risk management; drafters should clearly define the scope of coverage to avoid ambiguous risk allocation.


General Liability Insurance

/ˈdʒɛnərəl laɪəˈbɪləti ɪnˈʃʊrəns/

Definitions

  1. (n.) An insurance policy that protects businesses against claims of bodily injury, property damage, and personal injury caused by business operations or products.
    The company purchased general liability insurance to cover potential lawsuits from customer injuries.

Forms

  • general liability insurance

Commentary

General liability insurance is foundational in risk management for businesses; drafters should distinguish it from specialized liability coverages like professional or product liability insurance.


General Partner

/ˈdʒɛnərəl ˈpɑːrtnər/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A partner in a partnership who has management authority and unlimited personal liability for the partnership's debts.
    The general partner is responsible for managing the partnership and is personally liable for its obligations.

Forms

  • general partners

Commentary

General partners typically have fiduciary duties to the partnership and bear greater risk than limited partners.


General Partnership

/ˈdʒɛnərəl ˈpɑːrtnərʃɪp/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A business arrangement where two or more individuals share ownership, management responsibilities, profits, and liabilities without forming a separate legal entity.
    The two lawyers formed a general partnership to jointly run their practice.

Forms

  • general partnerships

Commentary

General partnerships often expose partners to unlimited personal liability, making the choice of entity critical in business formation.


General Power of Attorney

/ˈdʒɛnərəl ˈpaʊər əv əˈtɜːrni/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A legal document authorizing one person to act on behalf of another in a broad range of matters.
    She executed a general power of attorney to allow her agent to manage her financial affairs.
  2. (n.) The authority granted to an agent under such a document to handle all legal and financial transactions for the principal.
    The agent exercised the general power of attorney to sell the principal's property.

Forms

  • general powers of attorney

Commentary

Drafting should clearly specify the extent of authority granted to avoid unintended delegation; general powers differ from special or limited powers by their broad scope.


General Welfare

/ˌdʒɛnərəl ˈwɛlfɛr/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A principle in constitutional and statutory law referring to the government's role in promoting the health, peace, morality, education, and economic well-being of its citizens.
    The government enacted new policies to improve the general welfare of the population.

Forms

  • general welfare

Commentary

Often cited in constitutional provisions as a basis for government action; interpretation varies with context and judicial review.


Generally Accepted Accounting Principles

/ˈdʒɛnərəli ækˈsɛptɪd əˈkaʊntɪŋ ˈprɪnsəˌpəlz/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A widely recognized set of accounting standards, principles, and procedures that companies use to compile their financial statements for legal, regulatory, and auditing purposes.
    Public companies must prepare their financial reports in accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles.

Forms

  • generally accepted accounting principles

Commentary

GAAP serves as the foundational framework ensuring consistency, reliability, and legal compliance in financial reporting; awareness of jurisdictional variations is critical when drafting or interpreting financial disclosures.


Generally Accepted Auditing Standards

/ˈdʒɛnərəli ækˈsɛptɪd ˈɔːdɪtɪŋ ˈstændərdz/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A set of guidelines regulating the professional conduct and performance of auditors to ensure accuracy, consistency, and reliability in financial audits.
    Auditors must adhere to the Generally Accepted Auditing Standards to maintain credibility and legal compliance.

Forms

  • generally accepted auditing standards

Commentary

Generally Accepted Auditing Standards serve as a foundational framework ensuring audits meet legal and professional quality benchmarks; drafters should specify relevant jurisdictional standards when applicable.


Generic

/ˈdʒɛnərɪk/

Definitions

  1. (adj.) Relating to a general class or category rather than a specific instance, especially in law concerning intellectual property and trademarks.
    The drug was marketed under its generic name rather than a brand name.
  2. (adj.) Denoting products, especially pharmaceuticals, not protected by trademark or patent and sold under their chemical or common name.
    Generic drugs are often more affordable than branded versions.

Commentary

In legal drafting, distinguish 'generic' from 'descriptive' and 'distinctive' terms in trademark law to assess protectability.


Generic Drug

/ˈdʒɛnərɪk drʌɡ/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A medicinal drug product that is bioequivalent to a brand-name drug, marketed after the original patent expires and typically sold at lower cost.
    Doctors often prescribe a generic drug to reduce patients’ expenses while ensuring therapeutic effectiveness.

Forms

  • generic drug
  • generic drugs

Commentary

In legal drafting, clearly distinguish generic drugs from branded counterparts based on patent status and bioequivalence to avoid ambiguity in intellectual property and regulatory contexts.


Generic Drug Approval

/ˈdʒɛnərɪk drʌg əˈpruːvəl/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The regulatory process by which a generic drug is officially authorized for sale and use, confirming it meets standards of safety, efficacy, and equivalence to the brand-name counterpart.
    The company received generic drug approval from the FDA after demonstrating bioequivalence to the original medication.

Forms

  • generic drug approval

Commentary

Typically involves submission of an Abbreviated New Drug Application (ANDA) demonstrating bioequivalence; important for expanding market competition and lowering drug costs.


Genericness

/ˈdʒɛnərɪknəs/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The quality or state of being generic, especially regarding trademarks and intellectual property, indicating a term or product is common and not protected by exclusive rights.
    The court ruled that the product's name had lost its trademark protection due to genericness.

Commentary

Genericness is a critical concept in trademark law, denoting when a mark becomes a common descriptor and thus loses its legal protection.


Genetic Carrier

/ˈdʒɛnɪtɪk ˈkæriər/

Definitions

  1. (n.) An individual who carries and can pass on a genetic mutation associated with a hereditary disease, without necessarily showing symptoms.
    The genetic carrier did not exhibit symptoms but risked passing cystic fibrosis to offspring.

Forms

  • genetic carriers

Commentary

In legal contexts, genetic carrier status is often relevant in cases related to discrimination, insurance, and informed consent for genetic testing.


Genetic Discrimination

/ˌdʒɛnɪtɪk dɪˌskrɪmɪˈneɪʃən/

Definitions

  1. (n.) Unlawful or prejudicial treatment of individuals based on their genetic characteristics or predispositions.
    The law protects employees from genetic discrimination during hiring and insurance decisions.

Forms

  • genetic discrimination
  • genetic discriminations

Commentary

Often arises in contexts involving employment, insurance, and health care; legislation like GINA in the U.S. explicitly prohibits such discrimination.


Genetic Engineering

/ˌdʒɛnɪtɪk ˌɛnʤɪˈnɪərɪŋ/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The deliberate modification of an organism's genetic material using biotechnology, often subject to legal regulation concerning bioethics, patents, and environmental safety.
    The genetic engineering of crops raises important legal issues regarding intellectual property and biosafety.

Commentary

Legal definitions often emphasize regulatory frameworks and the intersection with patent and biosafety laws.


Genetic Engineering Law

/ˈdʒɛnətɪk ˌɛnʤɪˈnɪərɪŋ lɔː/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The body of law regulating the manipulation and modification of genetic material in organisms, including ethical, safety, and patent issues.
    The genetic engineering law establishes guidelines for permissible gene editing in agriculture.

Forms

  • genetic engineering law

Commentary

Typically encompasses statutory, regulatory, and case law addressing scientific, moral, and commercial aspects of genetic manipulation.


Genetic Evidence

/ˈdʒɛnɪtɪk ˈɛvɪdəns/

Definitions

  1. (n.) Biological material used in legal contexts to establish identity or relationship, often critical in criminal, family, or inheritance cases.
    The court admitted the genetic evidence to confirm the suspect's presence at the crime scene.

Forms

  • genetic evidence

Commentary

Genetic evidence must be carefully analyzed and presented due to complexity and potential for misinterpretation; proper expert testimony and chain of custody are key drafting considerations.


Genetic Material

/ˈdʒɛnɪtɪk ˈmætəriəl/

Definitions

  1. (n.) Material, such as DNA or RNA, carrying genetic information essential for inheritance and functioning of living organisms, recognized in legal contexts involving biotechnology, patent law, and bioethics.
    The patent application claimed rights over a process involving isolated genetic material.

Commentary

In legal drafting, distinguishing genetic material from mere genetic information is important, as rights and regulations may differ; precise definitions impact patent eligibility and bioethical standards.


Genetic Modification

/ˌdʒɛnɪtɪk ˌmɒdɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The alteration of an organism's genetic material through techniques regulated by legal frameworks addressing biosafety, intellectual property, and food safety.
    The legal framework for genetic modification governs the approval and use of genetically modified crops.

Forms

  • genetic modification

Commentary

Legal discussions of genetic modification often focus on regulatory compliance, patent rights, and environmental impact assessments.


Genetic Modification Law

/ˈdʒɛnɪtɪk ˌmɒdɪfɪˈkeɪʃən lɔː/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The body of law governing the alteration of genetic material in organisms, including regulation of biotechnology, genetic engineering, and related research practices.
    The genetic modification law establishes protocols for the safe use of genetically engineered crops.
  2. (n.) Legislation addressing the ethical, safety, and environmental issues arising from genetic manipulation technologies.
    Genetic modification laws often require risk assessments before approving new genetically modified organisms.

Forms

  • genetic modification law
  • genetic modification laws

Commentary

This term typically refers to statutory and regulatory provisions controlling genetic technologies; usage varies by jurisdiction and includes both research and commercial applications.


Genetic Privacy

/ˈdʒɛnɪtɪk ˈpraɪvəsi/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The right of individuals to control access to and use of their genetic information.
    Laws protecting genetic privacy prevent unauthorized disclosure of DNA test results.
  2. (n.) Legal protections against discrimination or misuse of genetic data by employers, insurers, or others.
    Genetic privacy laws prohibit employers from requiring genetic testing as a condition of employment.

Forms

  • genetic privacy

Commentary

Genetic privacy involves nuanced issues of consent and data security; drafters should clearly define scope of protected genetic information and permitted uses.


Genetic Resources

/ˈdʒɛnɪtɪk rɪˈzɔːrsɪz/

Definitions

  1. (n.) Material of genetic origin of actual or potential value, including plant, animal, microbial and other genetic material that is used for breeding, biotechnology, conservation, and other legal or commercial purposes.
    The treaty governs access to and benefit-sharing arising from the use of genetic resources.

Forms

  • genetic resources
  • genetic resource

Commentary

Typically defined in environmental and intellectual property law contexts, genetic resources are key in regulations on access and benefit-sharing to ensure equitable use.


Genetic Testing

/ˌdʒɛnɪˈtɪk ˈtɛstɪŋ/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The process of analyzing DNA to detect genetic conditions or predispositions for medical or legal purposes.
    The court admitted the genetic testing results as evidence in the paternity case.
  2. (n.) Testing conducted to assess hereditary traits for employment, insurance, or discrimination legal issues.
    Genetic testing raises privacy concerns under employment discrimination laws.

Forms

  • genetic testing

Commentary

Legal contexts often focus on privacy rights, informed consent, and discrimination implications when dealing with genetic testing.


Geneva

/ˈdʒɛnɪvə/

Definitions

  1. (n.) An international city in Switzerland known for hosting diplomatic negotiations and international treaties, notably the Geneva Conventions.
    The Geneva Conventions established key rules of humanitarian law during armed conflict.
  2. (n.) The Geneva Conventions, a set of treaties on the treatment of civilians and prisoners of war during armed conflict.
    States that ratify the Geneva Conventions agree to protect noncombatants in war.

Commentary

‘Geneva’ primarily denotes the city and, by metonymy, the international treaties negotiated there; legal texts usually clarify context to distinguish the place from the treaties themselves.


Geneva Convention

/ˈdʒɛnvə kənˈvɛnʃən/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A series of international treaties establishing standards for humanitarian treatment during armed conflict.
    The Geneva Convention prohibits torture and mistreatment of prisoners of war.
  2. (n.) Any of the four treaties formulated in Geneva between 1864 and 1949 that define the laws of war and protections for civilians and combatants.
    States party to the Geneva Convention must respect the rights of civilians in conflict zones.

Forms

  • geneva convention
  • geneva conventions

Commentary

Often cited collectively as the "Geneva Conventions," these treaties are foundational to international humanitarian law and are regularly updated and supplemented by Additional Protocols.


Genius

/ˈdʒiːniəs/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A person possessing exceptional intellectual or creative ability, sometimes relevant in legal contexts involving intellectual property or testamentary capacity.
    The inventor was recognized as a legal genius in patent law for groundbreaking designs.

Forms

  • genius

Commentary

In legal usage, 'genius' may appear in cases assessing intellectual contributions or mental capacity, emphasizing exceptional ability rather than common standards.


Genocide

/ˈdʒɛnəˌsaɪd/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The deliberate and systematic extermination of a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group, recognized as a crime under international law.
    The prosecution charged the defendant with genocide for orchestrating mass killings against the ethnic minority.

Commentary

Genocide is a distinct international crime defined by intent to destroy specific groups, critical to precise legal drafting to ensure alignment with the Genocide Convention.


Genocide Convention

/ˈdʒɛnəˌsaɪd kənˈvɛnʃən/

Definitions

  1. (n.) An international treaty adopted by the United Nations in 1948 to prevent and punish the crime of genocide.
    The Genocide Convention obligates states to prevent acts intended to destroy particular national, ethnic, racial, or religious groups.

Forms

  • genocide convention

Commentary

Typically capitalized as a proper noun, the Genocide Convention established legal definitions and state duties regarding genocide, serving as a cornerstone of international human rights law.


Gentium

Definitions

  1. (adj.) Pertaining to nations or peoples, especially in contexts involving international law or relations.
    The principles of jus gentium govern interactions between different states.

Commentary

Often used in historical or comparative law contexts to distinguish 'law of nations' from domestic law.


Gentry

/ˈdʒɛntri/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A social class consisting traditionally of landed gentry or persons of high social standing below the nobility, often involved in local governance and legal matters.
    The gentry held significant influence in rural legal affairs during the 18th century.

Commentary

In legal contexts, 'gentry' often relates to historical social hierarchy and property rights influencing local jurisdiction and governance.


Genuine

/ˈdʒɛnjuɪn/

Definitions

  1. (adj.) Authentic; real and not counterfeit or false, often relating to documents, signatures, or intentions in law.
    The court verified that the signature on the contract was genuine.
  2. (adj.) Sincere and honest, especially regarding declarations or representations.
    He made a genuine effort to disclose all relevant information during the deposition.

Commentary

In legal contexts, 'genuine' often concerns the authenticity of evidence or documents; precise verification is crucial to distinguish genuine from forged or fraudulent materials.


Genuine Goods

/ˈdʒɛn.ju.ɪn ɡʊdz/

Definitions

  1. (n.) Items that are authentic, original, and not counterfeit or imitation under the law.
    The court ruled that the seller had knowingly distributed genuine goods, not counterfeit ones.

Forms

  • genuine goods

Commentary

In legal contexts, distinguishing genuine goods from counterfeit or imitation products is critical for intellectual property enforcement and consumer protection.


Genuinely

/ˈdʒɛn.ju.ɪn.li/

Definitions

  1. (adv.) In a truthful or sincere manner, without pretense or deceit, especially relevant in assessing intent or good faith in legal contexts.
    The plaintiff genuinely believed the contract was valid.

Commentary

Often used to evaluate subjective states such as intent or good faith, important in contract law and tort claims to differentiate between bona fide and fraudulent behavior.


Genuineness

/ˈdʒɛnjuɪnnəs/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The quality of being authentic, real, or true, especially in evidence, documents, and signatures in legal contexts.
    The lawyer questioned the genuineness of the signature on the contract.

Commentary

Genuineness typically pertains to the authenticity of evidence or documents; it is crucial to distinguish it from legal validity, which concerns enforceability rather than authenticity.


Geocoding

/ˈdʒiːoʊˌkoʊdɪŋ/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The process of converting legal location data into geographic coordinates for use in mapping or spatial analysis in legal contexts.
    The law firm used geocoding to map client properties involved in the litigation.

Forms

  • geocoding

Commentary

Geocoding in legal settings aids spatial visualization and jurisdictional clarity but must ensure data accuracy for evidentiary purposes.


Geographic Identifier

/ˌdʒi.əˈɡræf.ɪk aɪˈdɛn.tɪ.faɪ.ɚ/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A descriptor used to specify the geographic location associated with an entity or event in legal documents, for purposes of jurisdiction, regulation, or identification.
    The court required the submission of a geographic identifier to establish venue jurisdiction.

Forms

  • geographic identifier

Commentary

Used to help accurately attribute legal rights or responsibilities to a spatial area; clarity in designation avoids jurisdictional conflicts.


Geographic Information System

/ˌdʒiːoʊˈɡræfɪk ɪnfərˈmeɪʃən ˈsɪstəm/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A computerized system designed to capture, store, analyze, and display spatial or geographic data relevant in legal contexts, such as property boundaries, zoning, and environmental regulations.
    The court relied on the geographic information system to verify the precise boundaries of the disputed land.

Forms

  • geographic information systems

Commentary

GIS is increasingly critical in legal cases involving land use, environmental impact assessments, and property disputes, aiding precise spatial determination.


Geographic Limitation

/ˌdʒiːoʊˈɡræfɪk ˌlɪməˈteɪʃən/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A contractual clause that restricts the application or enforcement of rights, obligations, or jurisdiction to a specified geographic area.
    The franchise agreement includes a geographic limitation preventing operations outside the designated state.
  2. (n.) A legal boundary defining the territorial scope within which a law, regulation, or court order applies.
    The court's geographic limitation confined its ruling to residents within the city limits.

Forms

  • geographic limitation
  • geographic limitations

Commentary

In drafting, clearly defining geographic limitations avoids ambiguity about the territorial reach of legal rights or obligations.


Geographical

/ˌdʒi.əˈɡræf.ɪ.kəl/

Definitions

  1. (adj.) Relating to the physical location, boundaries, or features of a place as relevant in legal contexts such as jurisdiction or property law.
    The contract specified the geographical scope of the supplier's obligations.

Commentary

In legal drafting, specifying geographical terms precisely is important to define the extent of rights, duties, or jurisdiction.


Geographical Indication

/ˌdʒiː.əˈɡræf.ɪ.kəl ˌɪn.dɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A sign used on products that have a specific geographical origin and possess qualities, reputation, or characteristics essentially attributable to that origin.
    The cheese was protected under a geographical indication, ensuring only producers from that region could label their product as such.

Forms

  • geographical indications

Commentary

Geographical indications require precise linkage to territory and product qualities; drafting should clearly specify the connection to avoid genericization.


Geographically

/ˌdʒiːəˈɡræfɪkli/

Definitions

  1. (adv.) In a manner relating to geography or territorial location, often used to specify jurisdiction or applicability based on location.
    The statute is geographically limited to the state of California.

Commentary

Used to clarify the spatial scope or limits of legal rules, particularly in jurisdictional contexts.


Geography

/ˌdʒiːəˈɡræfi/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The study or description of the physical features of the earth, including boundaries, territories, and locations relevant to legal jurisdictions.
    The legal brief referenced the geography of disputed land to support its territorial claims.

Commentary

In legal contexts, geography often underpins territorial claims and jurisdictional boundaries, making precise geographical description crucial in litigation and treaty drafting.


Geolocation Information

/ˌdʒiːoʊloʊˈkeɪʃən ˌɪnfərˈmeɪʃən/

Definitions

  1. (n.) Data that specifies the geographic location of a device or person, often used in privacy and data protection legal contexts.
    The collection of geolocation information requires explicit user consent under privacy laws.

Forms

  • geolocation information

Commentary

Geolocation information is sensitive personal data; legal regulations often impose strict requirements on its collection, storage, and use.


Geometry

/dʒiˈɒmətri/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The branch of mathematics concerned with the properties and relations of points, lines, surfaces, and solids, used in legal contexts such as property boundary descriptions and spatial analysis.
    The surveyor used principles of geometry to determine the exact boundaries of the disputed land.

Forms

  • geometry

Commentary

In legal usage, geometry primarily relates to spatial measurement and boundary delineation critical in property and land law.


Georgia V. Mccollum

/ˈdʒɔrdʒə viː məkˈkɒləm/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A U.S. Supreme Court case addressing whether a criminal defendant can use peremptory challenges to exclude jurors based on race under the Batson framework.
    In Georgia v. McCollum, the Court ruled that defendants are also barred from racial discrimination in jury selection.

Forms

  • georgia v. mccollum

Commentary

This case extends Batson principles to criminal defendants, highlighting equal protection in jury selection procedures.


Gerrymandering

/ˈɡer.iˌmæn.dɚ.ɪŋ/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The practice of manipulating electoral district boundaries to favor a particular political party or group.
    The court ruled that the state's gerrymandering violated voters' constitutional rights.

Forms

  • gerrymandering
  • gerrymanderings

Commentary

Gerrymandering frequently arises in constitutional law, especially under equal protection challenges; clarity in usage aids in distinguishing it from legitimate redistricting.


Gerund

/ˈdʒɛrənd/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A verbal noun that expresses an action or state and functions as a noun in legal texts.
    The gerund 'contracting' can serve as the subject in legal sentences.

Forms

  • gerunds

Commentary

In legal drafting, gerunds are used to express acts or procedures as subjects or objects, aiding clarity and precision.


Gerund:

/ˈdʒɛrʌnd/

Definitions

  1. (n.) A verbal noun ending in -ing that functions as a noun in a sentence; often used to denote actions or states in legal documents.
    The contract prohibits the selling of goods without prior approval, where 'selling' is a gerund.

Commentary

Gerunds can clarify action-related terms in legal drafting but should be used carefully to avoid ambiguity between noun and verb forms.


Gerund: Delivering

Definitions

  1. (gerund) Present participle form of deliver, referring to the act of handing over or providing something, often used in contractual or legal contexts.
    The delivering of the documents must comply with the terms outlined in the contract.

Forms

  • delivering

Commentary

As a gerund, 'delivering' functions as a noun derived from the verb 'deliver'; legal usage often pertains to fulfillment of contractual obligations or transfer of documents.


Gestation

/dʒɛsˈteɪʃən/

Definitions

  1. (n.) The period during which something, especially a legal concept, idea, or plan, is developed or matured before becoming effective or enforceable.
    The gestation period for the new legal framework took several years before enactment.

Commentary

In legal contexts, 'gestation' often metaphorically describes the developmental phase of legal instruments or doctrines before their formal adoption.


Gestures

/ˈdʒɛstʃərz/

Definitions

  1. (n.) Nonverbal communicative acts intended to convey meaning or express intent, which may have evidentiary value in contract law or torts.
    The court considered the defendant’s gestures as evidence of intent.

Forms

  • gesture
  • gestured
  • gesturing

Commentary

Gestures can be significant in interpreting implied contracts or assessing credibility, but interpretation may vary by context.

Glossary – GE Terms