By
/baɪ/
Definitions
- (prep.) Indicating the agent performing an action, especially in passive constructions.
The contract was signed by the parties involved.
- (prep.) Indicating the means or instrumentality by which something is done.
Evidence was delivered by electronic mail.
- (prep.) Indicating proximity or position near or next to something.
The property is located by the river.
- (adv.) Indicating a method or manner in which something occurs or is accomplished.
The case was decided by default.
Related terms
See also
Commentary
The preposition 'by' is frequently used to denote agency or means in legal drafting, especially in passive voice. Clear usage helps specify responsibilities and modes of action.
This glossary is for general informational and educational purposes only. Definitions are jurisdiction-agnostic but reflect terminology and concepts primarily drawn from English and American legal traditions. Nothing herein constitutes legal advice or creates a lawyer-client relationship. Users should consult qualified counsel for advice on specific matters or jurisdictions.